Chief audit executive

The Chief Audit Executive (CAE), Director of Audit, Director of Internal Audit, Auditor General, or Controller General is a high level independent corporate executive with overall responsibility for the Internal audit.

Publicly-traded corporations typically have an internal auditing department, led by a Chief Audit Executive ("CAE") who generally reports to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, with administrative reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.

The profession is unregulated, though there are a number of international standard setting bodies, an example of which is the Institute of Internal Auditors ("IIA"). The IIA has established Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing^[1] and has over 150,000 members representing 165 countries, including approximately 65,000 Certified Internal Auditors.^[2]

The CAE is intrinsically an independent function; otherwise it is dysfunctional and useless^{[citation needed]} (but there are many degrees in the level of independence and efficiency). The CAE function exists only to constitute a second-level of control/evaluation in the organisation, which must be independent from the first-level control (the first-level layer belongs to the management of an organisation, who is responsible in the first instance for acting in compliance with the organisation’s rules). An effective independence is the result of both an attitude of CAE, and of prerogatives/guarantees conceded by the organisation or given by the organisation’s principals (e.g., the Board of Directors).^{[citation needed]}

Independent attitude

The CAE should be independent in the performance of his duties, so that he can carry out his work freely without admitting interference, and as objectively as possible. Independence permits him to render impartial and unbiased judgements, which are essential to the proper evaluation of management and controls. It also allows him to view the financial actions, procedures and decisions in a detached way.

Organizational independence

To perform their role effectively, CAEs require organizational independence from management, to enable unrestricted evaluation of management activities and personnel. This can be analysed in the different points below:

• (for a different analysis of Independence, see organizational independence analysed by the IIA)

All the elements below should be granted to the CAE in the basic rules of the Organisation, or stated in the Charter of audit approved by the audit committee and promulgated in the organization (IIA Standard 1110 Organizational Indenpendance, and standard 1000C1).

Independent function: no conflict of interest allowed

Even though the CAE may be formally part of the management structure of the Organisation (among the “Chief Executives”), he does not participate in any management decision process or accept any responsibility in the execution of company activities. CAEs may advise management (must, when it is about compliance, risk management, internal controls...) and the Board of Directors (or similar oversight body) regarding how to better execute their responsibilities. But he remains independent of the activities he controls.

Hierarchical independence (from the authority of the controlled Organisation; i.e. independent reporting line)

The primary customer of internal audit activity is the entity charged with oversight of management's activities. This is typically the Audit Committee, a sub-committee of the Board of Directors. To provide hierarchical independence, most Chief Audit Executives report to the Chairperson of the Audit Committee as to the performance of his duties.

The definition (and regular revision) of the scope of the function should be agreed between the CAE and the Audit Committee. The Internal Audit’s annual work plan, which for practical reasons must be discussed with the auditees, is subject to the approbation of the sole Audit Committee, board of directors, or other appropriate governing authority (IIA Standard 1110 Organizational Indenpendance).

The internal rules and practices of the Directorate Internal Audit (audit manual) are of the responsibility of the CAE.

Independent status (guarantees against retaliations)

The independence of the CAE in the performance of his duties should be guaranteed in the Staff Rules. The Audit Committee should have sole competence for the final decision on appointment and dismissal of the CAE”, and for his remuneration, activity appraisal and career advancement. The CAE is liable to disciplinary action but only with the concurrence of the Audit Committee. This could happen if he is negligent in the performance of his duties.

Independent communication right

The CAE reports directly to the Audit Committee and the Board. There should be a report from the CAE to each ordinary Audit Committee meeting and if deemed necessary to the Board. Such reports should be addressed directly to the Chairman of the Audit Committee with parallel copy to the Director-General. However, the CAE in the performance of his daily work communicates and liaises with the Director-General and the staff of the Organisation.

Independent budgeting

Although CAEs and internal auditors are paid by the company, the human resource budget of the Directorate of Internal Audit, in particular, should be protected from interference from the audited Organisation. The typical risk is that the audit's budget subject to the approval of Director of HR and of the DG is a source of potential interference or friendly pressure to self-limit the CAE’s critic exercise of an independent viewpoint. An appeal to the Board, even expressly foreseen as part of the communication right of the CAE, is often ineffective on short-term imposed constraints, given the time constraints of the budget process. The best practice is that the Audit Committee's opinion is required on the CAE’s draft budget, well in advance of the normal budgeting process of the organisation.

Access to information

Information is of key importance to organize, prepare and perform internal audits. Restricting access to the information strictly necessary to the performance of currently opened audit missions is the best way to hinder the efficiency of the Directorate Internal Audit. It triggers requests to the auditor for justifications, delays, embarrassment etc. It is also a way to affect the daily working conditions of the auditors, and implicitly induce them to self-limit their critic exercise of independent auditing.

Typical duties

Status, strategy and organisation of the internal audit department

• Ensure that the status (e.g. stipulated in an audit charter), strategy, resources of the internal audit department are aligned and are consistent with the organization's objectives and governance policy.
• Establish appropriate policies and procedures to guide the internal audit function, and ensure the quality of the assurance services delivered.

Management, supervision of the internal audit activity

• Obtain (or manage the production of) a risk analysis;
  • Ensure that the risk assessment is done at least annually;
  • Establish risk-based audit plans to set out the priorities of the internal audit function, consistent with the organizational objectives.

- Considers the input of senior management, senior departmental management, of the audit committee; - the internal audit plan usually address financial reporting and other fundamental controls, to be coordinated with the audit plan of the statutory auditor

• Coordinate internal auditing activities and plans with other internal and external providers of assurance and consulting activities to ensure proper coverage and minimize duplication of effort.
• Communicate plan of engagements and resource requirements for the internal audit function, including significant interim changes to the audit committee. This communication shall include the impact of resource limitations.
• Ensure that internal audit resources are appropriate, sufficient and effectively deployed to achieve the internal audit plan approved by the Audit Committee or the Board.

Ensure that internal auditors have appropriate professional qualifications and skills, and opportunities for sufficient training and development to maintain and develop their internal auditing competence and to obtain Certified Internal Auditor certification.

• Ensure the timely completion of internal auditing engagements.
• Ensure that reports on internal auditing engagements are provided to the audit committee with a minimum of delay.
• Provide an annual holistic opinion on the effectiveness and adequacy of risk management, control, and governance processes.

Quality management

The CAE is responsible for assuring that appropriate engagement supervision is provided. Supervision is a process begins with planning and continues throughout the examination, evaluation, communication, and follow-up phases of the engagement.

• Develop and maintain a quality assurance and improvement program that covers all aspects of the internal audit function, and continuously monitor its effectiveness.
• In collaboration with the audit committee, ensure that a practice inspection or other external review of the internal audit function is conducted at least every 3 years, by a qualified, independent external review team, and that the results of this external assessment are communicated to the audit committee.
• Ensure that professional internal auditing standards are followed (e.g. IIA standards or local standards).

NB: Generally accepted auditing standards and International Standards on Auditing are external audit standards.

• Report at least annually to the audit committee on the internal audit function's conformance with professional internal auditing standards.

Reporting of critical findings

Inform the Audit Committee without delay of any issue of risk, control or management practice that may be of significance. The Chief Audit Executive (CAE) reports the most critical issues to the Audit Committee quarterly, along with management's progress towards resolving them. Critical issues typically have a reasonable likelihood of causing substantial financial or reputational damage to the company. For particularly complex issues, the responsible manager may participate in the discussion. Such reporting is critical to ensure the function is respected, that the proper "tone at the top" exists in the organization, and to expedite resolution of such issues. It is a matter of considerable judgment to select appropriate issues for the Audit Committee's attention and to describe them in the proper context.

Survey results

Various consulting and public accounting firms perform research on audit committees, to provide benchmarking data.^{[3] [4]} Some results are identified below:

• 54% of committee members surveyed felt the audit committee was "very effective," while 38% indicated "somewhat effective."
• Risk management, internal control, and accounting estimates and judgments were the top priority areas for 2007.
• 41% were "very satisfied" with the internal audit function, while 52% were "somewhat satisfied."
• Two-thirds felt the Chief Internal Audit position was for a professional internal auditor, rather than as a "stepping stone" to other roles.

See also

• Comptroller
• Lead Auditor
• Control
• COSO framework
• Audit risk
• Financial audit
• Green Globe
• Information technology audit
• Internal audit
• Institute of Internal Auditors
• Corporate governance
• ISA 310 Knowledge of the Business

External audit

• Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
• External auditor
• Statutory auditor
• Auditor General
• Government audit
• INTOSAI

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ IIA Website
3. ^ WWW.KPMG.COM KPMG AC Survey 2007
4. ^ KPMG AC Study 2008

External links

• the Institute of Internal Auditors