CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder

CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder
JF-17 Thunder
FC-1 Xiaolong
A JF-17 Thunder of the Pakistan Air Force takes off during an aerobatics display at the Zhuhai Air Show 2010.
Role Multirole combat aircraft
National origin China
Pakistan
Manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex
First flight 25 August 2003
Introduction 12 March 2007
Status Two Squadrons Operational with the Pakistan Air Force as of 18 February 2010 (2010 -02-18)[1]
Primary user Pakistan Air Force
Produced In China: June 2007–present
In Pakistan: January 2008–present
Number built Prototypes: 6
Production: ~34
Program cost US$500 million[2]
Unit cost Block 1: US$15–20 million (estimated)[3][4][5]
Block 2: US$20–25 million[6]
[clarification needed]

The PAC JF-17 Thunder (Urdu: تھنڈر), or CAC FC-1 Xiaolong[7][8] (Fierce Dragon; Chinese: 枭龙; pinyin: Xiāo Lóng), is a light-weight, single-engine, multi-role combat aircraft developed jointly by the Chengdu Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAC) of China, the Pakistan Air Force and the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC). Its designation "JF-17 Thunder" by Pakistan is short for "Joint Fighter-17", while the designation "FC-1 Xiaolong" by China means "Fighter China-1 Fierce Dragon".

Contents

Design requirements

The JF-17 was primarily developed to meet Pakistan Air Force's (PAF) requirement of the for an affordable,[9] modern multi-role combat aircraft as a replacement for its large fleet of Dassault Mirage III/5 fighters, Nanchang A-5 bombers, and Chengdu F-7 interceptors. It was also to have export potential as a cost-effective and competitive alternative to significantly more expensive Western fighters.[3][4][10]

In 1999, Pakistan and China signed the contract to jointly develop the FC-1/Super 7. Initial difficulties in acquiring an avionics and radar package from Europe led to many problems, which was solved in 2001, when design of the airframe was "de-coupled" from the avionics. In 2003, the maiden flight of the first prototype occurred in China. The Pakistani designation "Super-7", meanwhile, were replaced with "JF-17". Later test flights with a modified design occurred in 2006. Deliveries to the PAF for further flight testing and evaluation began in 2007[11] and the aircraft's first public aerial display took place that year in Islamabad. The PAF officially inducted its first JF-17 squadron, No. 26 Squadron, on 18 February 2010 with fourteen aircraft.[12][13][14][15]

The JF-17 is expected to cost approximately US$15 million per unit[16] and the PAF has a confirmed order for 150 JF-17s, which may increase to 250 aircraft.[17] Azerbaijan[18] and Zimbabwe had placed orders for the aircraft while Bangladesh, Myanmar, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Algeria showed interest.[19][20]

Development

Background

By 1989, Pakistan had abandoned Project Sabre II, a design study involving Grumman and China to re-design and upgrade the Chengdu F-7, due to economic sanctions by the U.S.[21] In the same year, China and Grumman started a new design study to develop the Super 7, another re-designed Chengdu F-7.[22] Grumman left the project when sanctions were placed on China following the political fallout from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[23] After Grumman left the Chengdu Super 7, the Fighter China project was launched in 1991.[23]

Pakistan, meanwhile, required a new fighter to replace its fleet of Dassault Mirage III/5s, Chengdu F-7s, and Nanchang A-5s.[24] In 1995, Pakistan and China signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for joint design and development of a new fighter, and over the next few years, the two countries worked out the project details.[25] In June 1995, Mikoyan joined the project to provide "design support" and had "seconded a team of engineers to CAC."[26]

Launch of FC-1 project

In October 1995, it was reported that Pakistan was to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the avionics for FC-1, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were stated to include radars, INSs, HUDs and MFDs. Competing for the contracts were Thomson-CSF with a variant of the RDY radar, Sagem with avionics similar to those used in the ROSE upgrade project and GEC-Marconi with its new Blue Hawk radar, but FIAR (now SELEX Galileo) was expected to win the radar contract with the Grifo S7 because the company had earlier ties with the PAF.[27]

In mid-February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a letter of intent covering airframe development. Russia's Klimov offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.[28] In April 1999, South Africa's Denel offered to arm the PAF's Super 7 with the T-darter beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the R-Darter as reported previously.[29]

In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. The project was to be a 50–50 partnership with the air forces of both countries being committed to ordering the fighter. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars, respectively despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.[30][31] Due to sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF.

In early 2001, a major decision was taken by the PAF to de-couple the airframe from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. Also, as the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.[25] Prototype production began in September 2002 and a full size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.[32] The first batch of Klimov RD-93 turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.[23]

According to a China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to its on-board systems being adapted and scaled down from the those of the Chengdu J-10. "This transfer of technology – transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17 – is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective."[33] The use of modern computer-aided design software, likely the French CATIA package, shortened the design phase of the JF-17 as well as the dual-seat model of the Chengdu J-10.[34]

Flight testing and re-design

The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003[4][35] and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre by June 2003 to be prepared for the maiden flight.[25] This was initially planned to take place in June but was delayed[35] due to concerns about the SARS outbreak.[25] The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) at some point during this period.[23][36] Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport in Chengdu on 27 June 2003.[23] The maiden flight took place in late August 2003, but the actual date is unclear. Some sources report it took place on 24 August 2003 and lasted 17 minutes[36] while others state that it occurred on 25 August 2003 and lasted 8 minutes.[4][23] However the official maiden flight of the prototype took place on either 2 September[25] or 3 September 2003, the prototype being marked with the new Pakistan Air Force designation JF-17.[23] By late March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test-flights of the first prototype.[37] On 7 April 2004 the PAF's first test pilots, Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan ul-Haq, flew the PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.[25] In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.[38]

In September 2005, flaws in the design began to surface after the first test flight in 2003, leading to design changes being started by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute in 2004.[clarification needed] The air intakes were re-designed due to the excessive smoke emission by the RD-93 engine and test-pilot reports of control problems had resulted in changes to the wing leading edge root extensions (LERX). The size of the vertical tail fin was increased to house an expanded electronic warfare equipment bay at the tip of the fin. The re-designed aircraft was to have a maximum take-off weight slightly above the original 12,400 kg (27,300 lb). The re-designed prototypes was planned to incorporate Chinese avionics suites, which would later be replaced by the PAF's selected Western suite. Due to the changes the first deliveries to the PAF were postponed from late 2005 to 2007. Test flights of the original flying prototypes continued. At this stage Pakistan was evaluating British, French and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.[39]

The fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, PT-04, was rolled out in mid-April 2006 before making its first flight on 28 April 2006.[40][8][41][42] Pictures released by CAC suggested re-designed air intakes, larger LERX, longer ventral fins and a taller vertical stabiliser fin, with lower angle of sweep and rectangular electronic warfare equipment housing at the tip.[42][43][4]

The modifications to the air intakes replaced the conventional intake ramps, whose function is to divert turbulent boundary layer airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine, with a diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) design.[42] The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface, referred to as a "bump" due to its shape, to divert the boundary layer airflow away from the intake at high sub-sonic through to supersonic speeds. According to Lockheed Martin, the DSI design prevents the majority of boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to Mach 2, reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms[44] and is more stealthy than a conventional intake.[42] Work on the DSI was started in 1999 with the aim of improving aircraft performance and took almost two years, during which a number of models underwent wind tunnel tests at different speed regimes. It was found that the DSI gave high performance, high total pressure recovery, low integrated distortion and good engine/intake matching.[45]

For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates sensor fusion, an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability and multi-mode pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.[46] A sixth prototype, PT-06, first flew on 10 September 2006.[47]

Around 2008 a contract was signed with Martin-Baker for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats after a competition with a Chinese ejection seat.[48]

Production, delivery and further development

After protests by Pakistan's adversary, India, Russia and China originally signed an end-user certificate for the RD-93 engines preventing China from exporting the JF-17 to Pakistan. In 2007 however, the Russian government reversed their decision allowed for re-export of the engines to Pakistan and six other countries.[49][50]

A JF-17 stands near a runway at a Pakistani airbase, a Dassault Mirage 5 fighter is parked behind it.

On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft was received in Pakistan, arriving in dismantled form. They were then flown in Pakistan for the first time eights days later on 10 March 2007 and took part in an aerial demonstration to the public during the Pakistan Independence Day parade on 23 March 2007. It was intended that the PAF would induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, Dassault Mirage III/5 combat aircraft. It was also stated that the PAF was preparing for in-flight refuelling of JF-17 fighters ahead of their induction by upgrading a number of Mirage III fighters with IFR probes.[51][52]

A dual-seat combat-capable trainer was initially scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006.[16][53] However, plans for this model seemed to have been cancelled until late 2007, when Pakistan decided to fund the development of the model to be used for training pilots and developed into a specialised attack variant.[54]

In November 2007 the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluation of the pre-production aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar, designed and built by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI SD-10 active radar homing AAM. It was also stated by JF-17 program managers that they were seriously considering purchasing the Thales RC400 radar and MICA AAM from France for equipping the JF-17, meaning that in future the PAF could be operating a mixed fleet of JF-17 armed with Chinese and French radars and missiles.[55][56]

PAC began manufacturing JF-17 sub-assemblies on 22 January 2008.[57][58] Manufacture of parts had already begun at PAC in 2005. The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft that year, giving it a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. Initial operating capability was to be achieved by the end of 2008.[59]

JF-17 on display at the Farnborough Air Show 2010.

Prior to the 2008 International Defence Exhibition and Seminar in Pakistan, news emerged that the PAF was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 turbofan engine and it would only power the first batch of 50 aircraft. It was reported that a deal for a new engine, believed to be the Snecma M53-P2, could appear during the exhibition.[60]

Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009, with PAC expected to complete production of 4–6 aircraft before the end of the year. PAC then plans to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and 15–16 aircraft per year from 2011. This may eventually be increased to 25 aircraft per year.[61]

Beyond the initial 50 PAF JF-17s, the remaining production aircraft may also be equipped with European avionics, radars and weaponry. Pakistan had begun negotiations with British and Italian defence firms over potential avionics and radars for JF-17 during initial development. Some of the radar options for JF-17 are the Italian Galileo Avionica Grifo S7[62] and the French Thomson-CSF RC400 (a variant of the RDY-2), along with the MBDA MICA IR/RF short–medium range AAMs.[63] The Vixen 500E Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar has also been offered to the PAF for installation on the JF-17 by the British company SELEX Galileo, but the PAF may be looking for a more advanced AESA radar.[3]

In early 2010 it was reported that ATE Aerospace Group had been selected by the PAF to integrate various French avionics and weapons systems which would be supplied by other partners including Thales, Sagem and MBDA. Rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a Thales-Sagem joint venture were beaten by the ATE bid to upgrade 50 JF-17, with 50 more optional, at a cost of up to 1.36 billion dollars. The upgraded aircraft would go into production in 2013. The Thales RC-400 radar and MICA AAMs, as well as various air-to-surface weaponry, are believed to be included in the contract. The PAF is also in contact with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.[64]

The deal was reportedly suspended in April 2010 after 18 months of negotiations due to various concerns of the French government. These were cited as being related to Pakistan's financial situation, worries regarding the protection of sensitive French technology and "intense" lobbying by the Indian government which had also selected France to upgrade some of its French-origin fighters.[65][66] France wanted the PAF to purchase a number of French-built Mirage 2000-9 fighters from the United Arab Emirates Air Force, a sale which would be made unnecessary if the JF-17 upgraded with French systems.[67] However in July 2010 these reports were stated to be false by the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman, "I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government." Suleman went on to speculate that he thought "someone was trying to cause mischief – to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want."[68]

As of 2010, with the FC-1 in direct competition with the MiG-29 in the international market, Russian aircraft manufacturers have raised concerns regarding the re-export of the FC-1's RD-93 engines. The FC-1 is competing against the MiG-29 in an Egyptian tender for 32 fighter aircraft.[69] Mikhail Pogosyan, head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, has recommended to the Russian defence export agency Rosoboronexport that sales of RD-93 engines to China be blocked to prevent the JF-17 from competing with the MiG-29 on the international market.[70] On 19 July 2010, according to a CATIC official at the Farnborough Airshow, China and Russia had already signed a contract for the delivery of 100 RD-93 engines and also an agreement for the latter supply of 500 engines. The official stated that China has received "nothing through official channels" and he believes "the engine is still an option for exported aircraft."[71] At the same show, the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time.[72] It was initially reported that JF-17s would perform aerial displays at the show but it was cancelled due to the late decision to go to Farnborough and the cost of license and insurance fees.[73] News also emerged that of 250 JF-17s to be built for the PAF until 2025, a number would be configured as "stealthy 5th generation" fighters.[72] It was reported that an MoU had been signed to develop a stealthy variant and, of the 250 fighters to be produced for Pakistan, 150 stealthy versions may be produced between 2015 and 2025.[74]

In May 2011, China offered 50 JF-17s to Pakistan on an urgent basis at no cost.[75]

Design

Airframe and cockpit

A JF-17 taxiing during flight operations at a PAF airbase.

The airframe is of semi-monocoque structure, constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours, or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.[10] Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.[76]

The mid-mounted wings are of cropped-delta planform. Near the wing root are the LERX, which generate a vortex that has the effect of providing more lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvres. A conventional tri-plane empennage arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving stabilators, single vertical stabiliser and rudder, as well as twin ventral fins. The flight control surfaces are operated by a computerised flight control system (FCS), which also adjusts the slats/flaps for improved manoeuvring. Up to 3,629 kg (8,000 lb) of ordnance, equipment and fuel can be mounted under the hardpoints, two of which are on the wing-tips, four under the wings and one under the fuselage.[10]

The retractable undercarriage is of tricycle arrangement, with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriage. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system.[10] The nosewheel retracts rearwards into the fuselage and the main gear wheels retract upwards into the engine intake trunks.[77]

Two bifurcated air inlets, one on either side of the fuselage behind and below the cockpit, provide the engine's air supply. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvres involving high angles of attack.[10] A DSI design is used to simultaneously prevent boundary layer airflow entering the inlet and decelerate supersonic airflow.

The cockpit is covered by a transparent acrylic canopy designed to give the pilot a good all-round field of view. A centre stick is used for pitch and roll control while rudder pedals control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a zero-zero ejection seat;[10] either the Martin-Baker Mk-16LE, which will be used on Pakistan Air Force fighters,[78] or the Chinese TY-5B also fitted to the Chengdu J-10.[citation needed]

Avionics

Aircraft avionics

The software written for the JF-17's avionics totals more than one million lines of instructions, incorporating the concept of open architecture. Rather than using the Ada programming language, which is optimised for military applications, the software is written using the popular civilian C++ programming language to better use the large number of civilian software programmers available.[20] The redesigned PT-04 prototype JF-17 had more advanced avionics than its predecessors, which are included on the production version of the aircraft.[citation needed]

The aircraft's glass cockpit incorporates an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS is made up of three colour multi-function displays (MFD) providing basic flight information, tactical information and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured by the pilot to show any of the available information. Each MFD is 20.3 cm (8 in) wide and 30.5 cm (12 in) tall, arranged side-by-side in a portrait orientation. The central MFD is placed lower down to accommodate an up-front control panel between it and the HUD.[10]

The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) experienced problems with the HUDs of its Russian-designed fighters, these tended to fog up due to deployment in humid sub-tropical and tropical zones. The Chinese HUD fitted to the JF-17 was developed to ensure this problem would not occur when deployed in any environment. Western HUDs can be incorporated directly onto the aircraft, if desired by the user, with little effort due to the modular avionics design and the adoption of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture. Information from the onboard radar can be displayed on the head-down multi-function displays or projected onto the HUD. This enables the pilot to keep his eyes focused at infinity so that he can simultaneously view radar images and monitor the airspace around him, without having to re-focus his eyes. Monochrome images from electro-optical navigation/targeting pods carried by JF-17 can also be projected onto the HUD.[citation needed]

The aircraft has a composite FCS comprising of conventional controls with stability augmentation in the yaw and roll axis and a digital fly-by-wire (FBW) system in the pitch axis. The leading edge slats/flaps and trailing edge flaps are adjusted by the FCS automatically during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.[10] Some sources state that the system has been upgraded to provide fly-by-wire flight control in the roll and yaw axis also, the serial production aircraft having a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.[47]

The avionics also include a health and usage monitoring system.[10] Automatic test equipment is supplied by Teradyne.[79]

Tactical avionics

The communication systems comprise two VHF/UHF radios, one of them having capacity for data linking. The data link can be used to exchange data with ground control centres, airborne early warning and control aircraft and other combat aircraft also equipped with compatible data links. The ability to data link with other "nodes" such as aircraft and ground stations allows JF-17 to become part of a network, improving the situational awareness of the pilot and other entities in the network.

The JF-17 has a defensive aids system (DAS) made up of various integrated sub-systems. A radar warning receiver (RWR) gives data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars to the pilot and electronic warfare (EW) suite, housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin for greater coverage, that interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a Missile Approach Warning (MAW) system to help it defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors mounted on the airframe (two of which can be seen at the base of the vertical stabiliser) that detect the rocket motors of missiles and gives 360 degree coverage.[3] Data collected by the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is also shown on the cockpit displays and HUD to warn the pilot. A counter-measures dispensing system releases decoy flares and chaff to help the aircraft evade enemy radars and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar jamming pod which will be carried externally on one of the aircraft's hardpoints.[10]

JF-17 flying overhead silhouette

The first 42 production aircraft currently being delivered to the PAF are equipped with the NRIET KLJ-7 radar,[80][81][82] a smaller variant of the KLJ-10 radar fitted to the Chengdu J-10, developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET). Its multiple modes allow surveillance and simultaneous engagement of multiple air, ground and sea targets, of which a total of 40 can be managed. Using the track-while-scan mode, the radar can track up to ten targets at BVR and engage two of them simultaneously with radar-homing AAMs.[81] The operation range for targets with a radar cross-section (RCS) of 5 square metres (54 sq ft) is stated to be ≥105 km in look-up mode and ≥85 km in look-down mode.[83][84][85]

It is known that a helmet-mounted sights/display (HMS/D) system will be installed on the JF-17, although the exact type is yet to be confirmed. A Chinese HMD is stated to be available for installation on the fighter.[86] Also to be integrated is a forward looking infrared (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation in low visibility and infra-red search and track (IRST) system for passive monitoring and targeting of enemy aircraft.[10] The JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.[76]

A day/night laser designator targeting pod will be integrated with the aircraft's avionics and carried externally on one of the hardpoints for guiding laser-guided bombs (LGB).[10] An extra hardpoint may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for mounting such pods. No specific targeting pod has been selected, but a Chinese system such as the Forward-looking Infra-red Laser Attack Targeting (FILAT) pod may be integrated if a suitable Western system is not available. To reduce costs associated with buying large numbers of targeting pods, during strike missions the aircraft's tactical data link will be used to transmit targeting data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.[3]

Propulsion and fuel system

The JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 turbofan engine, which is a variant of the RD-33 engine used on the Mig-29 fighter. The engine gives more thrust and significantly lower specific fuel consumption than the turbojet engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using only one engine are that both maintenance time and cost are significantly lower than twin-engined fighters. A thrust-to-weight ratio of 0.99 can be achieved, with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see airframe section).

The Guizhou Aero Engine Group has been developing a new turbofan engine, the WS-13 Taishan, since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the Klimov RD-33 but incorporates many new technologies to boost performance and reliability. Thrust output of 80–86.36 kN (19,391 lb), life span of 2,200 hours and thrust to weight ratio of 7.8 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13 developing a thrust of around 100 kN (22,450 lb) is also reportedly under development.[87]

The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage, with capacity for 2330 kg (5,130 lb) of fuel, that are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see turbine fuel systems).[10] Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One 800 litre droptank can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hardpoint under the fuselage and two 800 litre or 1100 litre droptanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.[10] The fuel system is also compatible with in-flight refuelling (IFR), allowing the aircraft to take on fuel from a tanker aircraft when an IFR probe is installed and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the Pakistan Air Force are to be fitted with IFR probes.[3]

Weaponry

A model of the JF-17, armed with six Chinese air-to-air missiles, on display at a defence exhibition. The larger missiles mounted inboard are medium range SD-10s, the four smaller ones being short range PL-5Es.

JF-17 can be armed with up to 3,629 kg (8,000 lb) of air-to-air and air-to-ground weaponry, as well as other equipment, mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.[16] One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing and one at each wing-tip. All 7 hardpoints communicate via a MIL-STD-1760 data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,[10] which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.[63] Internal armament comprises one 23 mm GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the port side air intake, which can be replaced with a 30 mm GSh-30-2 twin-barrel cannon.[4][88]

The wing-tip hardpoints will normally be occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs, while many combinations of various ordnance and equipment (including avionics such as targeting pods) can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hardpoints. Underwing hardpoints can be fitted with multiple ejector racks, allowing each hardpoint to carry two 500 lb (241 kg) unguided bombs or LGBs (Mk.82 or GBU-12). It is currently unknown if multiple ejector racks can be used for other ordnance such as beyond visual range AAMs.[3] The under-fuselage and inboard under-wing hardpoints are plumbed, enabling them to carry droptanks of various sizes for extra fuel.

JF-17 on display at the Farnborough Air Show 2010 with a range of weaponry and equipment pods.

Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be deployed once integrated with the on-board radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The Chinese PL-12/SD-10 is expected to be the aircraft's primary BVR air-to-air weapon, although this may change if radars of other origin are fitted. Short range infra-red homing missiles currently integrated include the Chinese PL-5E and PL-9C, as well as the AIM-9L. The PAF is also seeking to arm the JF-17 with a modern fifth generation close-combat missile such as the IRIS-T or A-darter. These will be integrated with the HMS/D as well as the radar for targeting.[3][10][16]

Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, gravity bombs of various sizes and the Matra Durandal anti-runway munitions. Precision-guided munitions such as LGBs and satellite-guided bombs are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as anti-ship missiles and anti-radiation missiles.[10][16]

In July 2011, it was reported that Pakistan has taken delivery of the Brazilian MAR-1 anti-radiation missile and is integrating the weapon on its PAC JF-17 Thunder aircraft as well as upgraded Dassault Mirage III and V ROSE fighters.[89]

Operational history

A JF-17 on display at the IDEAS 2008 defense exhibition in Karachi, Pakistan.

Initial delivery, evaluation and induction

Small batch production began in China on June 2006.[citation needed] The first two SBP aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007, first flying in Pakistan on 10 March.[90] They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade in Islamabad.[91][92] Another six SBP aircraft were delivered circa March 2008.[93] These aircraft were subjected to extensive flight-testing and evaluation by the PAF.[94]

Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.[95]

The first JF-17 squadron, No. 26 "Black Spiders", was officially inducted into the PAF fighter fleet on 18 February 2010 with an initial strength of 14 fighters.[96][97] These aircraft first saw service in the anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan, during which they were evaluated with weaponry of different types.[98] The aircraft then took part in the PAF's High Mark 2010 exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the Blue Force to attack Red Land surface targets with a variety of "highly accurate" air-to-surface weaponry.[99][100][101] A re-equipment ceremony for No. 16 Black Panthers Squadron took place on 11 April 2011, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionised the PAF’s operational concepts".[102][103][104]

Potential customers

Egypt is currently discussing a deal with Pakistan to co-produce the JF-17 for the Egyptian Air Force.[105] The Azerbaijani Air Forces has negotiated with China for the purchase of several dozen JF-17s, worth approximately $16–$18 million each.[106][107] The Sudanese Air Force is also reported to be negotiating for 12 aircraft.[108] The Air Force of Zimbabwe reportedly ordered 12 JF-17 in 2004,[109] but there are no current sources that confirm payment or intent of delivery.[110][111][112] An article in 2008 reported several other countries including Bangladesh, Iran and Nigeria have been identified as potential buyers.[4][113] In early 2010 it was reported that China had been in talks with around 5 to 6 countries on the JF-17, some of whom had sent air force pilots to test-fly the fighter.[114]

Variants

Prototypes

Two single-seat airframe versions were tested during the prototype stage. The first configuration was tested on the first three prototype aircraft: PT-01, PT-02 and PT-03. The second airframe configuration was tested on the next three prototypes (PT-04, PT-05, PT-06) and incorporated the following modifications: DSI; wider LERX; extended ventral fins; a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing missile approach warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was used to optimize the aircraft during avionics and weapon qualification flight testing. It was reported to include an "advanced 4th generation" avionics suite incorporating: sensor fusion using the weapon and mission management computers (WMMC), onboard electronic warfare suite, DEEC); day/night surface attack capability and hybrid FCS.[115] A dual-seat version for training and strike roles had been proposed and was believed to be under development.[54]

Production versions

  • JF-17 Block 1 – Production in China began in June 2006.[116] The first eight Small Batch Production (SBP) aircraft, using the second prototype configuration, were produced in China and delivered to the PAF's JF-17 Test & Evaluation Flight from March 2007[117] to early 2008. A contract between the PAF and CATIC for 42 serial production aircraft was signed in March 2009.[118] The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the PL-5E II AAM, SD-10 AAM and C-802K anti-shipping missile. PL-5E II integration was completed in mid 2010. The last Block 1 aircraft, with 58% of its parts produced in Pakistan, will be completed by June 2012.[119] The Block 1 avionics package has been stated to be a positive surprise to the PAF, performing "better than expected" according to Air Commodore Junaid.[120]
  • JF-17 Block 2 – Ordered by the PAF in 2011, includes "enhanced features".[120] Believed to be fitted with a Chinese AESA radar, Infra-red search and track (IRST) system and improved electronic counter-measures (ECM) suite. Also believed to incorporate greater use of composite materials for reducing airframe weight and possibly a thrust vector control (TVC) engine.[76]

Operators

 China
 Pakistan

Specifications (JF-17 Block 1)

External images
The glass cockpit of the JF-17, as shown by a JF-17 simulator on display at the MAKS 2007 air show.
The three multi-function displays in different modes.
A mock-up showing the entire cockpit, including banks of switches and instruments to the left and right of the pilot.
A mock-up of the initial cockpit design which incorporated two CRT displays and several analogue instruments.[128]
Another view of the initial cockpit mock-up.

Data from Pakistan Aeronautical Complex

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

Avionics

  • Externally mounted avionics pods:

See also

Related development

Related lists

References

Notes
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