Christianity and multiculturalism

Christianity and multiculturalism have a long historical association. Christianity originated as a sect of Judaism in the Middle East,cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=290-1 | id =0131195158 ] as Jesus, the founder and central figure of Christianity, lived and held his ministry in the Middle East.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=280 | id =0131195158 ] Paul of Tarsus, an ethnic Jew [Paul describes himself as "an Israelite of the tribe of Benjamin, circumcised on the eighth day" nkjv|Phil|3:5|Phil. 3:5] who was born and lived in the Middle East, holds such importance to Christianity that some call him the religion's "Second Founder".cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=291-2 | id =0131195158 ] The greatest influence on Christianity after Paul, Augustine of Hippo, a Church Father, a Doctor of the Church, and an eminent theologian, was North African.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=299 | id =0131195158 ] Under the influence of Paul, Christianity soon spread widely among non-Jews (Gentiles) of the Roman Empire.

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legend|#6AB4FF|Spread of Christianity to 600 AD

The Roman Emperor Galerius issued an edict permitting the practice of the Christian religion under his rule in April of 311. [Lactantius, [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XXXIV "De Mortibus Persecutorum"] ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors") ch. 35–34] In 313 Constantine I and Licinius announced toleration of Christianity in the Edict of Milan. Constantine would become the first Christian emperor. By 391, under the reign of Theodosius I, Christianity had become the most popular, or state religion. Constantine I, the first emperor to embrace Christianity, was also the first emperor to openly promote the newly legalized religion. As the political boundaries of the Western Roman Empire diminished and then collapsed, Christianity spread beyond the old borders of the Empire and into lands that never had been Romanized.

The Age of Discovery began with the voyage of Christopher Columbus "c". 1492. It is characterized by European colonization of missionary activity.

During the Age of Discovery, the Roman Catholic Church established a number of Missions in the Americas and other colonies in order to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples. At the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. While some of these missions were associated with imperialism and oppression, others (notably Matteo Ricci's Jesuit mission to China) were relatively peaceful and focused on integration rather than cultural imperialism.

The most famous colonization by Protestants in the New World was that of English Puritans in North America. Unlike the Spanish or French, the English colonists made surprisingly little effort to evangelize the native peoples. [MacCulloch, Diarmaid, "The Reformation: A History" (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 540] The Puritans, or pilgrims, left England so that they could live in an area with Puritanism established as the exclusive civic religion. Though they had left England because of the suppression of their religious practice, most Puritans had thereafter originally settled in the Low Countries but found the licentiousness there, where the state hesitated from enforcing religious practice, as unacceptable, and thus they set out for the New World and the hopes of a Puritan utopia.

In his book "Enlarging the Story: Perspectives on Writing World Christian History", Richard Fox Young views the connection between Christianity and Eurocentrism as tenuous, and points to the postcolonial and non-European nature of the emerging Church and its impact on the development of World Christianity. In the postcolonial world, Christianity has lost its association with the West.cite web | title =Global gospel: Christianity is alive and well in the Southern Hemisphere | first =Sara | last =Miller | work =Christian Century | date =2002-07-17 | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_15_119/ai_90190880 | accessdate =2007-01-03 ] cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=320 | id =0131195158 ] At the turn of the millennium, 60% of the world's two billion Christians lived in Africa, Latin America, or Asia, and by 2025, those demographics will shift to an estimated 67% of the world's three billion Christians.cite web | title =The Christian Revolution: The Changing Demographics of Christianity | work =World Christianity | publisher =St. John in the Wilderness Adult Education and Formation | url =http://www.stjohnadulted.org/worldchrist1.htm | accessdate =2007-01-03 ] The rise of Christianity in the southern hemisphere, especially northern Africa and Latin America, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries is a "grassroots movement"cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=320 | id =0131195158 ] that has generated new forms of Christian theology and worship,cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=318, 320 | id =0131195158 ] and shifted the cultural and geographic focal point of the Church away from the West. The prominence of the southern hemisphere's Christianity has brought with it a cultural and intellectual diversity to World Christianity, and contributed such ideas as Liberation Theology.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=318 | id =0131195158 ]

Christianity is a religion open to all humanitycite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=290-1 | id =0131195158 ] that counts one out of every three people on earth among its members.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=280 | id =0131195158 ] Christendom encompasses a greater area of land than that of any other religious territory.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=381 | id =0131195158 ] In terms of both population and geography, Christianity is the world's largest religion.cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=280, 381 | id =0131195158 ] As such, Christianity contains a great diversity,cite book | last =Hopfe | first =Lewis M. | coauthors =Mark R. Woodward | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson | date =2005 | location =Saddle River, New Jersey | pages=280 | id =0131195158 ] and has followers from a wide range of ethnicities, nationalities, and cultures. [cite web | title =Predominant Religions | publisher =Adherents.com | url =http://www.adherents.com/adh_predom.html | accessdate =2007-01-03 ] Both Europeans and non-Hispanic Whites are shrinking minorities in the Church. At the beginning of the 21st century China is estimated to be the third largest Christian nation on earth, with the future prospect of Christianity eventually becoming a Sino-centric religioncite web|title= Christianity finds a fulcrum in Asia|publisher=Asia Times Online|date=August 7, 2007|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IH07Ad03.html|accessdate=2007-10-25] .

I suspect that even the most enthusiastic accounts err on the downside, and that Christianity will have become a Sino-centric religion two generations from now. China may be for the 21st century what Europe was during the 8th-11th centuries, and America has been during the past 200 years: the natural ground for mass evangelization. If this occurs, the world will change beyond our capacity to recognize it. Islam might defeat the western Europeans, simply by replacing their diminishing numbers with immigrants, but it will crumble beneath the challenge from the East. – Spengler

ee also

* Christianity#Demographics
* Christianity by country
* Major religious groups
* Multiculturalism
* Protestantism by country
* Race of Jesus
* Roman Catholicism by country

References