Sports diplomacy

Sports Diplomacy is when sport is used as a political tool to enhance (or sometime worsen) diplomatic relations between two entities. The intention is sometimes to bring about radical change. While the Olympics is often times the biggest political example of using sports for diplomatic means, cricket and soccer, as well as other minor sports in the global arena, have also been used in this regard. In the case of Apartheid, sport was used to isolate South Africa and bring about a major overhaul in the country's social structure.

Olympics

Going as far back as the 1936 Olympics, Hitler used this as a stage to promote Aryan superiority for Germany with his ideological belief of racial supremacy.cite book|last=Bachrach|first=Susan D.|title=The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936|isbn=ISBN0316070874] The Olympics were used as a method of hardening the German spirit and instilling unity among German youth. It was also believed that sport was a "way to weed out the weak, Jewish, and other undesirables." [ [http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/zcb013.htm Nazification of Sport] ] As a result, many Jews and Gypsies were banned from participating in sporting events. While Germany did top the medal table, the Nazi depiction of ethnic Africans as inferior was dispelled by Jesse Owens' gold medals in the 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and long jump events.

Once again, in 1968, the global stage of the Olympics was used to show the world the plight of the African-American struggle during the civil rights movement in their home country. The famous Black Power salute was performed by Tommie Smith and John Carlos during the medal ceremony in Mexico City.

In 1972, the Israeli Olympic Team were massacred in an attack by Palestinian gunmen that started at the Olympic village and eventually resulted in the deaths of 17.

In 1980, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a boycott of the Moscow games by a large part of the Western powers and their allies in protest of Russian actions. In the 1984 Los Angeles games the Soviet Bloc led a boycott in retaliation for the American-led 1980 boycott.

In the same vein, the torch relay around the globe for the 2008 Beijing games were also led by a string of protests in many parts of the world due to China's human rights record, particularly in Tibet.

Table Tennis

In the 1970s an exchange of table tennis players from the United States and the People's Republic of China led to a thaw in Sino-American relations that eventually led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's rapprochement with China.

Cricket

Cricket has also had a hand to play in sporting diplomacy. Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Soviet pressure on India to deflect the tension they faced, in 1987 Pakistan's president at the time, General Zia ul-Haq, attended a test match between India and Pakistan in Jaipur - a visit that apparently helped cool a flare-up in tensions. Furthermore, following a fifteen year lull in test matches, cricket tours between India and Pakistan were revived in 2004 in the wake of diplomatic initiatives to bury half a century of mutual hostility. Both sides relaxed their tough visa regulations for each other, allowing thousands of fans to travel across the border. [http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110004862] [http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/03/10/business/singh.php] In an attempt to replicate the cricket diplomacy of the past General Pervez Musharraf came to India in 2005 ostensibly for a cricket match. The trip, however, quickly took on the air of a summit as the sides were urged "to seize a historic chance to end their dispute over Kashmir." [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/17/content_434859.htm] [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/19/content_435617.htm] Often times this rivalry has been tinged with a relgio-political bent to it. A Pakistani fan in Karachi ran onto the pitch to attack the Indian captain and fans threw stones at the Indian players during the match in Karachi. In 2000 right-winged Hindus dug up the cricket pitch in New Delhi to protest against the Pakistani team's visit. [http://update.unu.edu/archive/issue31_2.htm]

China have also gotten in on the cricket diplomacy act. Sino-Taiwanese relations have once again been the impetus for doing so. During the buildup to the 2007 World Cup, Antigua received a $55 million grant to build the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, while Jamaica received $30 million for a new Trelawny stadium. St. Lucia have also got both a cricket and a football stadium courtesy of China. China spent a remarkable $132 million on cricket facilities in the West Indies over the past few years, a massive amount compared to the International Cricket Council's paltry 10-year budget of $70 million to promote cricket globally. It is said that the motive for China's generosity is because "Most of the remaining countries that recognize Taiwan are located in the Caribbean and Latin America." The diplomacy paid off in the end as Grenada and Dominica derecognized Taiwan as an independent country. Further, "Of the remaining 24 countries that recognize Taiwan, four are in the Caribbean and two of these play cricket." Grenada had previously has a stadium built by Taiwan, but saw it flattened by a hurricane. To join the action, China quickly came in to erect another. Consequently, Taiwan took Grenada to a New York City court to force the latter to return the original loan. Put on the back foot, a beleaguered Taiwan also used the World Cup to shore up its position among its shrinking West Indian support base. It doled out $21 million to St. Kitts and Nevis and $12 million to the even smaller St. Vincent and the Grenadines for cricket grounds. China's aggressive ambitions have benefited the Caribbean Islands. "Strategic analysts say China is laying out more money than is needed to just isolate Taiwan. China, which has built large embassies in each of the islands, now has a bigger diplomatic presence in the Caribbean than the United States, the superpower next door." And that "Mainland China's long-term strategy coincides with its foreign policy." [http://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=2980988&page=1]

In 2008, the England and Wales Cricket Board cancelled Zimbabwe's 2009 tour of England and suspended all bilateral relations between the two states in response to the situation regarding the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election. [cite news |title=England cut Zimbabwe cricket ties |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/7471238.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2008-06-25 |accessdate=2008-09-08 ]

Association football

The most infamous declaration of politics and sport was the Football War between El Salvador and Honduras. Though the build up to the war had to do with more socio-economic issues like immigration and land reform, the impetus for war was an inflammation of tensions set off by rioters during the second North American qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Disturbances broke out during the first game in Tegucigalpa, but the second leg saw the situation get considerably worse in San Salvador. Honduran fans were roughed up, the Honduran flag and national anthem were insulted, and the emotions of both nations became considerably agitated. In retaliation, violence against Salvadoran residents in Honduras, including several Vice Consuls, increased. An unknown number of Salvadorans were killed or brutalized, and tens of thousands began fleeing the country. The press of both nations contributed to a growing climate of near-hysteria, and on June 27, 1969, twelve days after the second-leg game, Honduras broke diplomatic relations with El Salvador. On July 14, 1969, the Salvadoran army launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States negotiated a cease-fire which took effect on July 20, with the Salvadoran troops withdrawn in early August. [http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/sierra/soccer1969.htm]

Athletic Bilbao are famous for the cantera policy of signing only Basque players. Along with fellow Basque side Real Sociedad, Bilbao raised the still banned Basque flag in a game shortly after the death of General Franco.

In the 1986 Mexico World Cup, following the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom, Diego Maradona scored a goal via the "Hand of God" to fuel the flames between the two sides. To make matters worse, this was an unrecognized foul using the hand to score a goal.

The 2007 Asian Cup was another facet of sporting politics. The victorious Iraqi team came out despite ethnic factionalism in their country to win the biggest tournament in Asian football. Following a previous round win, Iraqi Military spokesman Brigadier General Qassim Moussawi said they wanted to stop "terrorists, Sunni extremists and criminals from targeting the joy of the people." [http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/newsroom/pdblog_detail/070803_sports_diplomacy_is_the_new_comeback_kid/] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6921078.stm] [http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1077882.html] There was controversy as the Iraqi captain said he "dared not return to his homeland because of the conditions created by the US occupation." President Jalal Talabani said it was disappointing they couldn't celebrate at home with the fans. [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/jul2007/socc-j31.shtml] [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/jubilant-iraqi-captain-scores-political-goal-as-well/2007/07/30/1185647827415.html] Yet many hailed the victory as a show of unity. [http://www.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUSSYD28314920070730] Iraq's Brazilian coach Jorvan Vieira signified they importance of the win, "This is not just about football... this is more important than that...This has brought great happiness to a whole country. This is not about a team, this is about human beings." Likewise, Saudi coach Helio Cesar dos Anjos chimed in that "Iraq deserved to win today...They were very motivated and we knew the whole world was supporting this team." [http://uk.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUKSP26426720070729] Likewise, the American leadership also came out in praise. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/writers/grant_wahl/07/26/inside_soccer_26/index.html]

Once again, on September 6, 2008, Armenia and Turkey faced each other in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match in Yerevan. In an unprecedented step, Turkish president Abdullah Gul was invited to watch the match, where the presidents of Turkey and Armenia sat together, albeit behind bullet-proof glass. The Turkish national anthem was almost drowned out by booing from 35,000 Armenian fans, showing there is still a lot of mistrust between the two. However, the gesture "between the presidents showed that they believed 'football diplomacy' had achieved the most important result." This was a first for the two countries divided by the legacy of the 20th century's first genocide. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4698951.ece] [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1839199,00.html] [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/07/content_9819181.htm] [http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=152384] [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L4494093.htm]

Apartheid

Most famously, the sporting boycott of South Africa during Apartheid was said to have played a crucial role in forcing South Africa to open up their society and to end a global isolation. It was said that the "international boycott of apartheid sport has been a powerful means for sensitising world opinion against apartheid and in mobilising millions of people for action against that despicable system." This boycott "in some cases helped change [in] official policies."

The South African Table Tennis Board (SATTB), a body founded in contravention to the white South African table tennis board, was replaced for the latter by the International Table Tennis Federation. While the SATTB team was able to participate in the world championships held in Stockholm in 1957, team members were immediately refuse passports by the government. It ruled that no black could compete internationally except through the white sports body.Started in 1980, the United Nations "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa" - a record of sports exchanges with South Africa and a list of sportsmen who have participated in sports events in South Africa - prove to be an effective instrument to discourage collaboration with apartheid sport. [http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/boycotts/indsport.html] [http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/aam/abdul-2.html] In the 1980s South Africa was expelled from most international sports bodies. The International Olympic Committee even adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on June 21, 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport. [http://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/SPORT/SPORTRAM.htm] [http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/3/477 Hitting Apartheid for Six? The Politics of the South African Sports Boycott ] This finally culminated in winning the rugby union World Cup in 1995. More significantly, this was a powerful boost to post-apartheid South Africa's triumphal return to the international sporting scene. [http://update.unu.edu/archive/issue31_2.htm]

References

ee also

Football War

External Links

* [http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/sportsasculturaldiplomacy/index.php?en_resources Sports as cultural diplomacy]
* [http://exchanges.state.gov/intlathletics/iran/index.htm Sports Diplomacy with Iran]
* [http://www.anc.org.za/un/unsports.htm International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports]