Type 93 and 100 flamethrowers

Infobox Weapon
name= Type 93 flamethrower


caption= Type 93 flamethrower
origin=flag|Empire of Japan
type=Flamethrower
is_ranged=
service=1933 - 1945
used_by= navy|Empire of Japan
wars=Second Sino-Japanese War World War II
designer=
design_date=1932
manufacturer=
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variants=
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crew=The nihongo|Type 93 and Type 100 Flamethrowers|九三式/一〇〇式火炎放射器|Kyūsan-shiki/Hyaku-shiki kaenhōshaki were flamethrowers used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy’s SNLF during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

History and development

Japanese military observers stationed in Europe noted effectiveness of flamethrowers during the trench warfare conditions of World War I, particularly against battlefield fortifications, bunkers, pillboxes and similar protected emplacements, which had given the Japanese Army such grief during the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

The Type 93 Flamethrower, based largely on European designs, entered service in 1933. It was used in Manchukuo against the ill-prepared National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and against local warlord forces with considerable psychological effect. However, its ignition system based on a heated electrical wire had reliability issues under cold weather conditions which led to a redesign designated the "Type 100 Flamethrower" in 1940. Both types remained in service during World War II. [Bishop. "The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II" pg.99]

Design

Both the Type 93 and Type 100 consisted of a fuel unit, fuel hose, and flame gun. A modification in the design of the flame gun is the only difference between the two types.The fuel unit consisted of three 15-inch long, 6 inch diameter cylinders: two outer fuel cylinders and a central nitrogen pressure cylinder. The total fuel capacity was 12.3 liters. Fuel was a mixture of gasoline and tar. Pressure was controlled by a manually-operated needle valve, one on the top of each of the two fuel cylinders. This tank assembly was fitted with straps to permit it to be carried on the operator's back like an infantry pack. [ [http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-flamethrower/index.html U.S. Intelligence Report] ]

The 45 inch fuel hose was made of reinforced rubber tubing, with brass fittings on both ends. The flame gun, three to four feet long, was a 1 inch diameter tube with a fuel ejection handle is located near the hose connection, and a 1/4-inch nozzle with the firing mechanism is attached to the other end.

Fuel (in the Type 100) was ignited by a blank cartridge fired from a revolver mechanism in the flame gun, which held ten rounds. The fuel ejection handle, fired a cartridge when it opened the fuel ejection valve. When the handle was returned to its closed position parallel to the tube, the flow of fuel stopped, and the magazine revolved to place a new cartridge in the firing position. The duration of a continuous discharge was 10 to 12 seconds with a maximum range of 22 to 27 meters. [ [http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-flamethrower/index.html] U.S. Intelligence Report]

Combat record

Flamethrowers were assigned to engineering regiments within each Japanese infantry division. A typical engineering regiment would be equipped with between six and twenty flamethrowers, which were operated by a designated flame-thrower company. The Type 100 Flamethrower was primarily used in the early stages of the Pacific War, mostly in the Dutch East Indies, Burma and the Philippines. Type 100-equipped Japanese paratroopers participated in the Battle of Palembang in 1942. There was little need for flamethrowers later in the war since Japan was on the defensive and had few opportunities to attack enemy fortifications. [ [http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/flame.htm Taki’s] Imperial Japanese Army page] In later stages of the war, the Japanese army attempted to use the Type 100 flamethrower as an anti-tank weapon, largely due to lack of any effective anti-tank guns, but with limited success. [US Department of War. Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945)]

References

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* Bishop, Chris (eds) "The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II". Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0760710228
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External links

* [http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/flame.htm Taki’s Imperial Japanese Army page]
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-flamethrower/index.html U.S. Intelligence Report]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-9.html#III US Technical Manual E 30-480]

ee also

* Flammenwerfer 35
* Einstossflammenwerfer 46
* ROKS-2 flamethrower
* M2 flamethrower