Joseph Bancroft Reade

Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade FRS (5 April, 1801 - 12 December, 1870) was an English clergyman, amateur scientist and pioneer of photography.

Early life

Born Leeds, he was the eldest of six sons and two daughters. His father, Thomas Shaw Bancroft (1776–1841), was a merchant and Christian pamphleteer who actively supported the British and Foreign Bible Society. His mother, Sarah "née" Paley (d. 1825), was a relative of William Paley. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School, Trinity College, Cambridge and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in 1825.Wood (2004)]

Clerical career

Reade was ordained a deacon in the Church of England and became curate of Kegworth, Leicestershire. He married Charlotte Dorothy Farish (1796–1882), niece of William Farish in 1882. and the couple parented three children, none of whom lived beyond 21 years of age. Reade was ordained priest in 1826 and took his master's degree in 1828.

In 1829, Reade became curate of Halifax Parish Church where he befriended amateur meteorologist John Waterhouse, who would later invent the "Waterhouse stop". In 1832 he took a part-time curacy at Harrow Weald, and in 1834 became proprietor of a school in Peckham.

John Lee and the Royal Astronomical Society jointly owner the advowson of the parish of Stone, Buckinghamshire and they appointed Reade vicar in 1839. In his 20 years as incumbent, Reade established a school and an astronomical observatory. [The Stone observatory is described in the "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society" (1853)]

In 1859, Reade became vicar of Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, and from 1863 until his death, rector of Bishopsbourne, near Canterbury.Towards the end of his life, Reade suffered from cancer and died from jaundice at the Bishopsbourne rectory. He was buried at St Mary's Church.

cientific work

Reade was an enthusiastic amateur scientist. His first work was in optics and, in particular, microscopy. His first scientific paper in 1836 was on the use of a pair of convex lenses to focus light on a microscopic specimen without over-heating. [Reade, J. B. (1830-7) "Observations and experiments on the solar rays that occasion heat" "Proceedings of the Royal Society", 3 457] Reade was interested in chemistry and botany, performing microscopic investigations of various specimens including microfossils. [Reade, J. B. (1838) "Observations of some new organic remains in the flint of chalk" "Annals of Natural History"] His knowledge of metal salts led to an 1846 ink patent. A design for a telescope eyepiece won a medal at The Great Exhibition in 1851, and he designed a condenser, known as "Reade's kettledrum" (1861), and a novel prism (1869).

Photography

Reade was present at the Royal Society to hear William Fox Talbot's first presentations on photography in February 1839 and immediately started to experiment himself. Reade was also at the Royal Society on 14 March to hear Sir John Herschel’s seminal paper on photography in which Herschel proposed sodium hyposulfite as a fixer. Herschel also made some observations on the light sensitivity of silver carbonate, nitrate and acetate as being superior to silver chloride.Wood (1980)]

Reade began experimenting with light-sensitive substances and soon discovered that he could get much better results when the silver salt was applied not to paper but to tanned leather.Fact|date=August 2007 Allegedly, he used his wife's mittens for experiments.Fact|date=August 2007 Reade conjectured that the difference in sensitivity was caused by gallic acid used for tanning,Fact|date=August 2007 and indeed by treating paper with gallic acid before soaking it in silver nitrate solution, he could drastically increase the sensitivity.

In 1854, Reade testified at the "Talbot v. Laroche" trial, where Laroche tried to prove that Talbot's calotype patent was invalid because the use of gallic acid was first discovered by Reade, from whom Talbot learned it. In his testimony, however, Reade upheld Talbot's originality explaining that while he had used gallic acid for "preprocessing" the light-sensitive paper, Talbot was the first to discover that gallic acid can "reveal" the latent image in an already exposed paper, "i.e." he was the first to develop a photographic material.

Offices and honours

*Member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, (1831);
*Fellow of the Royal Society, {1838);
*Microscopical Society
**Founding member, (1839);
**President;
*Founding member of the British Meteorological Society (1850}; [ cite web | title=The Royal Meteorological Society - A Brief History | url=http://www.rmets.org/about/briefhistory.php | accessdate=2007-08-08 ]
*Photographic Society
**Member, (1855);
**Vice-president.

Notes

Bibliography

*Obituary:
**"Kentish Gazette", 20 December 1870, "p."5----
* cite journal | author=Major, A. | title=Bishopsbourne's eminent (but forgotten) Victorian: the Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade’ | journal=Bygone Kent | year=1989 | pages=March, 171–7
*Millar, J. (1871) "Monthly Microscopical Journal" 5:92–6
* cite journal | author=Oakden, C. H. | title=Joseph Bancroft Reade: his contributions to microscopical science | journal=Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society | year=1926 | pages=181–92
* cite journal | author=— | title=The photographic work of the Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade | journal=British Journal of Photography | year=1928 | pages=435–5, 466–7
* cite book | author=Reade, A. L. | title=The Reades of Blackwood Hill in the Parish of Horton, Staffordshire: A Record of their Descendants | publisher=privately printed | location=London | year=1906 | pages=85–102 , "Pedigree XXV: Reade of Leeds, "etc."
* cite book | author=Venn, J. "et al." | title=Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College, 2: 1713–1897 | year=1898
* cite journal | title=J. B. Reade and the early history of photography | journal=Annals of Science | volume=27 | year=1971 | pages=13–83 | author=Wood, R. D. | doi=10.1080/00033797100203617
* cite journal | title= [http://www.midley.co.uk/Reade/bjp_article72.htm J. B. Reade’s Early Photographic Experiments: recent further evidence on the legend] | author=— | journal=British Journal of Photography | year=1972a | volume=119 | pages=644–646, 643
* cite journal | title=J. B. Reade's early photographic experiments | journal=British Journal of Photography | year=1972b | author=— | pages=28 July
* cite journal | title= [http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/gallic39.htm Latent Developments from Gallic Acid, 1839] | author=— | journal=Journal of Photographic Science | volume=28(1) | year=1980 | pages=36–41
* cite journal | author=— | title=Straightening the record on Reade | journal=British Journal of Photography | pages=3 July | year= 1996
*— (2004) " [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23227 Reade, Joseph Bancroft (1801–1870)] ", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press; online edn, May 2007, accessed 8 Aug 2007 (subscription required)For all of R. D. Wood's publications see www.midley.co.uk