Central Marshes (Iraq)

The Central or Qurna Marshes were a large complex of wetlands in Iraq that were part of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along with the Huwaizah and Hammar Marshes. Formerly covering an area of around 3000 square kilometres, they were almost completely desiccated following the 1991 uprisings in Iraq and have only in recent years started to show some signs of recovery.

Characteristics

The Central Marshes stretched between Nasiriyah, Al-'Uzair (Ezra's Tomb) and Al-Qurnah and were mainly fed by the Tigris and its distributaries. They were characterised by tall "qasab" reeds but included a number of freshwater lakes, of which the largest were the Haur az-Zikri and Umm al-Binni (literally "mother of "binni", the latter being a species of barbel.) [http://www.edenagain.org/publications/pdfs/physicalcharreport.pdf The Physical Characteristics of the Mesopotamian Marshlands] , edenagain.org] The marshes supported breeding populations of the Basra Reed-warbler and Marbled Teal, along with several other species of non-breeding birds. [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=8058&m=0 Central Marshes] , birdlife.org] A bird subspecies unique to the marshes, the African Darter "Anhinga rufa chantrei", may have already become extinct by the 1990s.Scott, D. " [http://www.earthscape.org/r1/ES15056/scd01i.html A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East] , earthscape.org] There were also populations of several mammal species including the unique "Erythronesokia bunnii" (Bunn's Short-Tailed Bandicoot Rat) and the Smooth-coated Otter subspecies "Lutra perspicillata maxwelli", which had only been described from specimens obtained in the Central Marshes.Scott, D. " [http://www.earthscape.org/r1/ES15056/scd01i.html A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East] , earthscape.org]

The area was formerly populated by the Marsh Arabs or Ma'dan, who grazed buffalo on the natural vegetation and carried out cultivation of rice.

Draining

By the early 1980s, it was evident that irrigation projects were already affecting water levels in the marshes.Spencer, M. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198202/the.marsh.arabs.revisited.htm "The Marsh Arabs Revisited] "Saudi Aramco World", April 1982] In the early 1990s, the government of Iraq undertook a series of major drainage projects, at least partly in retribution for the events of the 1991 uprisings, and to prevent the area being used as a refuge by militias. The flow southwards from the distributary streams of the Tigris was blocked by large embankments and discharged into the Al-Amarah or Glory Canal, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of the Central Marshes by as early as 1993. [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=8058&m=0 Central Marshes] , birdlife.org] A further canal, the Prosperity Canal, was constructed to prevent any overflow into the marsh from the main channel of the Tigris as it ran southwards from Qalat Saleh. [http://www.edenagain.org/publications/pdfs/physicalcharreport.pdf The Physical Characteristics of the Mesopotamian Marshlands] , edenagain.org] By the late 1990s, the Central Marsh had become completely desiccated, suffering the most severe damage of the three main areas of wetland.

Partial recovery

Following the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, embankments and drainage works were broken open, and the marshes began to reflood. The Central Marshes showed little recovery through 2003, but by early 2004 a patchwork of lakes had appeared in northern areas; there was flooding in southern areas which had previously been dry since the early 1990s. [http://www.iraqmarshes.org/Documents/Activities/Marsh%20Management/GIS%20imagery%20of%20reflooding%2010.24.04.pdf Iraq Marshlands Restoration Program] , iraqmarshes.org, p.6] There has been some corresponding recolonisation by the natural marsh vegetation since that time, and return of some species of fish and birds, although recovery of the Central Marshes has been much slower compared to the Huwaizah and Hammar Marshes; the most severely damaged sections of the wetlands have yet to show any signs of regeneration. [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&id=45db06c42 Missan Governorate Assesment Report] , UNHCR, 2006, p.44 ] "Erythronesokia bunnii", "Lutra perspicillata maxwelli" and "Anhinga rufa chantrei" are all thought to have become extinct.

References