# Keulegan–Carpenter number

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Keulegan–Carpenter number
 The Keulegan–Carpenter number is important for the computation of the wave forces on offshore platforms.

In fluid dynamics, the Keulegan–Carpenter number, also called the period number, is a dimensionless quantity describing the relative importance of the drag forces over inertia forces for bluff objects in an oscillatory fluid flow. Or similarly, for objects that oscillate in a fluid at rest. For small Keulegan–Carpenter number inertia dominates, while for large numbers the (turbulence) drag forces are important.

The Keulegan–Carpenter number KC is defined as:[1]

$K_C = \frac{V\,T}{L},$

where:

• V is the amplitude of the flow velocity oscillation (or the amplitude of the object's velocity, in case of an oscillating object),
• T is the period of the oscillation, and
• L is a characteristic length scale of the object, for instance the diameter for a cylinder under wave loading.

A closely related parameter, also often used for sediment transport under water waves, is the displacement parameter δ:[1]

$\delta = \frac{A}{L},$

with A the excursion amplitude of fluid particles in oscillatory flow. For sinusoidal motion of the fluid, A is related to V and T as A = VT/(2π), and:

$K_C = 2\pi\, \delta.\,$

The Keulegan–Carpenter number can be directly related to the Navier–Stokes equations, by looking at characteristic scales for the acceleration terms:

• convective acceleration: $(\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{u} \sim \frac{V^2}{L},$
• local acceleration: $\frac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t} \sim \frac{V}{T}.$

Dividing these two acceleration scales gives the Keulegan–Carpenter number.

A somewhat similar parameter is the Strouhal number, in form equal to the reciprocal of the Keulegan–Carpenter number. The Strouhal number gives the vortex shedding frequency resulting from placing an object in a steady flow, so it describes the flow unsteadiness as a result of an instability of the flow downstream of the object. While the Keulegan–Carpenter number is related to the oscillation frequency of an unsteady flow, into which the object is placed.

## Notes

1. ^ a b Dean & Dalrymple (1991), p. 232.

## References

• Keulegan, G. H.; Carpenter, L. H. (1958), "Forces on cylinders and plates in an oscillating fluid", Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 60 (5): 423–440
• Dean, R.G.; Dalrymple, R.A. (1991), Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists, Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, 2, World Scientific, Singapore, ISBN 978 981 02 0420 4

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