Burra Burra Mine (United States)

Infobox nrhp
name =Burra Burra Mine Historic District
nrhp_type = hd

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caption = Burra Burra Mine collapse site
location = Ducktown, Tennessee
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built =1899
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added = 1983
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refnum =83003059
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governing_body = TDECThe Burra Burra Mine is a copper mine located in Ducktown, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Named after the famous mine in Australia, the Burra Burra Mine extracted over 15 million tons (14 million metric tons) of copper ore during its years of operation between 1899 and 1959. The mine's remaining structures are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Burra Burra Mine Historic District. The site is also home to the Ducktown Basin Museum, and the museum and mine are a Tennessee state historic site.

The Burra Burra Mine was one of a series of mining operations that occurred throughout the Copper Basin from 1850 to 1987. While these operations produced substantial amounts of copper and other ore-based products, tree-harvesting and pollution from the mines and smelters left over convert|32000|acre|km2 of the basin virtually devoid of all plant and animal life. The area is beginning to recover, however, due to re-greening efforts.

Geographical setting

The Burra Burra Mine is located near the center of the Copper Basin (sometimes called the Ducktown Basin), a broad valley situated amidst the southern Appalachian Mountains near a point where the states of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia meet. The basin— which is actually an area of low hills rather than a true basin— is walled off on all sides by mountains rising to over convert|3000|ft|m in elevation. To the east is Pack Mountain, to the north is Stansbury Mountain, to the northwest is Little Frog Mountain, and to the southwest is Big Frog Mountain. A series of hills rise above the basin to the south.

The Ocoee River flows through the southwestern section of the Copper Basin, entering the basin from Georgia to the south (where it's known as the Toccoa River) and exiting via its scenic gorge between Big Frog Mountain and Little Frog Mountain to the west. The river's Copper Basin segment is located at just over convert|35|mi|km upstream from the river's mouth along the Hiwassee River near Benton, Tennessee. The Tennessee Valley Authority's Ocoee Dam Number 3 has created a reservoir that extends into the Copper Basin segment.

Ducktown, the location of the Burra Burra Mine, is located at the center of the Copper Basin near the junction of Tennessee State Route 68 and U.S. Route 64. Other communities located in or associated with the basin include Copperhill, near the Tennessee-Georgia border, Postelle in the northwest section of the basin, and Turtletown, just north of the basin. The Copper Basin is located almost entirely within Polk County, Tennessee, although parts of it extend into Fannin County, Georgia.

The mine is at coor dms|35|02|07|N|084|22|46|W|city, at an altitude of 1798 feet (548 m) above mean sea level.

History

The Copper Basin was part of Cherokee lands until 1836, when the Cherokee relinquished control of the basin to the U.S. government. The basin became part of the Ocoee District, which mostly consisted of what is now Bradley County and Polk County. While most Cherokees in the area were forced out as part of the Indian Removal of 1838, some managed to avoid detection and would later aide in road construction and mining operations. [R.E. Barclay, "Ducktown Back in Raht's Time" (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 8-11.]

Copper was first discovered in the Copper Basin in 1843 on a hill immediately southwest of what would eventually become the Burra Burra Mine (a reconstructed boiler chimney and Tennessee Historical Commission marker now mark the site along TN-68). This discovery sparked interest among regional entrepreneurs and opportunists, although the lack of major roads in and out of the basin complicated early mining operations. The Hiwassee Mine opened in 1850 near the site of the ore discovery at the center of the basin. Three years later, a road (now US-64) was constructed through the Ocoee Gorge, connecting the Copper Basin with Cleveland, Tennessee to the west. In 1860, several small-scale mining operations in the basin were consolidated to form the Burra Burra Copper Company, which was placed under the direction of mining engineer Julius Raht (1826-1879). The American Civil War (1861-1865) halted mining operations in the basin, although the industry briefly recovered after the war due in large part to Raht's efforts. By the late 1870s, however, Burra Burra and the basin's other mining operations— lacking a cost-effective way of transporting the ore out of the basin— were forced out of business. [Kim Cochran, " [http://www.gamineral.org/copperbasin.htm Minerals and Mining of the Copper Basin] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.]

The Burra Burra Mine

In the early 1890s, the Marietta & North Georgia Railroad and the Knoxville Southern Railroad built a rail line connecting the Copper Basin to Knoxville to the north and Marietta to the south, and mining operations resumed. In 1899, the Tennessee Copper Company, which had bought most of the mining operations in the Copper Basin, constructed a smelter at Copperhill and began work on the Burra Burra Mine at Ducktown. The company's open roast smelting method released large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air, killing off all vegetation in the central basin. After being sued by local farmers and the state of Georgia over damage caused by the pollution, the Tennessee Copper Company began to recapture the sulfur dioxide. They converted the gas into sulfuric acid, which they successfully marketed. [Jack Waters, " [http://www.telliquah.com/History2.htm Mining the Copper Basin in Southeast Tennessee] ." "The Tellico Plains Mountain Press". Retrieved: 30 May 2008.]

The Tennessee Copper Company eventually merged with the Ducktown Sulfur, Copper, and Iron Company, and the merged company began to diversify. Along with copper and sulfuric acid, the company built a flotation plant to produce copper sulfate in the 1920s. Iron and zinc concentrates were also produced. [Kim Cochran, " [http://www.gamineral.org/copperbasin.htm Minerals and Mining of the Copper Basin] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.] By the time the Burra Burra Mine closed in 1959, its vertical shaft was over convert|3000|ft|m deep, making it one of the deepest vertical shafts in the North America. [Rob Breisch, " [http://www.gamineral.org/ducktown-museum-pics.htm Ducktown Museum and the Burra Burra Mine] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.] After the mine's closure, operations shifted to the Central Mine near Copperhill.

The Burra Burra Mine today

Mining ceased in the Copper Basin in 1987 when the Tennessee Chemical Company (Tennessee Copper's successor) filed for bankruptcy and sold off its holdings. As part of re-greening efforts, 16 million trees have been planted and the basin has been seeded with acid-tolerant grass. The Burra Burra Mine was part of a convert|300|acre|km2|sing=on stretch of land near the center of the basin selected to be exempted from the reclamation efforts to serve as a reminder of how the entire central basin once appeared. [" [http://www.state.tn.us/environment/hist/stateown/ducktown.shtml Ducktown Basin Museum and Burra Burra Mine Site] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.] The Ducktown Museum and Burra Burra Mine were purchased by the state of Tennessee in 1988. [The Georgia Mineral Society, " [http://www.gamineral.org/commercial-burra-burra.htm Burra Burra Mine] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.] The museum's establishment and assembly was due in large part to the basin's residents, many of whom remain fiercely loyal to the mining industry. [Betty Duggan, "Copper Mining Settlements." "The Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 299-300.]

Ten of the mine's structures remain, including its hoist house, boiler building, powder house, and machine shops. The old engineers' office building now houses the Ducktown Basin Museum. Various machine parts, tools, and other artifacts used in the basin's mining operations are displayed on the museum's grounds. [Carroll Van West, " [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=D058 Ducktown Basin Museum] ." "The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture", 2002. Retrieved: 30 May 2008.] The museum's parking lot overlooks a massive sinkhole (now filled with water) created when part of the Burra Burra Mine collapsed. [" [http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/places/ducktown_basin Ducktown Basin] ." Retrieved: 30 May 2008.]

References

External links

* [http://www.state.tn.us/environment/hist/stateown/ducktown.shtml Ducktown Basin Museum and Burra Burra Mine Site] — official Tennessee Historical Commission site
* [http://www.gamineral.org/commercial-burra-burra.htm Burra Burra Mine] — site hosted by the Georgia Mineral Society