County of Bentheim

County of Bentheim Grafschaft Bentheim (de)
State of the Holy Roman Empire
← c. 1050–1806 →   →
Coat of arms
The County of Bentheim around 1350
Capital	Bentheim
Government	Principality
Historical era	Middle Ages, Early modern period
- Bentheim Castle     mentioned	c. 1050
- Partitioned into     Bentheim-Bentheim and     Bentheim-Tecklenburg	1277
- Split off     Bentheim-Steinfurt	1454
- Split off     B.-Tecklenburg-Rheda	1606
- Annexed by Prussia and     Berg	1806

Bentheim was a county of Holy Roman Empire, located in modern southwestern Lower Saxony, Germany. The borders of the county correspond largely to the modern borders of the District of Bentheim. Originally, the county was largely made up of fens, with settlement concentrated along the banks of the rivers which passed through the county. Sandstone was exported at decent profit from Bentheim to other locales throughout present-day Germany and the Netherlands.

History

The county of Bentheim had existed by c. 1050 AD, although little is known of the county until 1115.

In 1115, the county was passed to Count Otto, of the House of Salm. His heir and daughter, Countess Sophia, married Dirk VI, Count of Holland, and they co-ruled the county until Dirk's death in 1157. Sophia died in 1176, and the title of count passed to her son Otto I. In 1263, Bentheim annexed the County of Tecklenburg, and over time various branches of the counts of Bentheim would annex and purchase various territories in Rheda, Steinfurt, and the Netherlands. In 1277, the County of Bentheim was partitioned into Bentheim-Bentheim (containing the County of Bentheim) and Bentheim-Tecklenburg (containing the County of Tecklenburg).

The first County of Bentheim-Bentheim endured until 1530, when its line of counts had become extinct and Bentheim was granted to Arnold II of Bentheim-Steinfurt. In 1544, Arnold officially converted to Lutheranism, beginning a slow process of introducing the Reformation in Bentheim and other territories he ruled. Protestant preachers were introduced into Bentheim during the autumn of 1587. The following year Bentheim officially gained a new Church constitution, which was later introduced in Tecklenburg (1589) and Steinfurt (1591). In 1613, Count Arnold Jobst of Bentheim-Steinfurt created the Higher Church Council to help administer the spiritual matters of Bentheim, as well as establishing the Reformed Church of Bentheim in all three of the counties.

When Arnold Jobst died in 1643, the County of Bentheim-Steinfurt was partitioned into Bentheim-Steinfurt and Bentheim-Bentheim, the latter comprising the County of Bentheim. In 1753, the County of Bentheim was seized by the elector of Hanover. "In 1753, trouble within made them (the Counts of Bentheim) take out a mortgage to the King of Hanover and England."^[1]

For almost 700 years prior to this, Grafshaft Bentheim was independently ruled by the Counts of Bentheim and that they might have continued thus had it not been for the circumstances of 1753.^[2]

In 1803, Bentheim was again united with Bentheim-Steinfurt. Bentheim-Steinfurt was mediatised to Berg and Prussia in 1806, with the former gaining Bentheim and the latter Steinfurt. Bentheim was annexed by France in 1810 with the Kingdom of Holland and many northwest German regions. The Congress of Vienna later granted Bentheim to Hanover.

The people

"In spirit," writes Harger, "the people of Bentheim have never lost their independence. They became Hanoverians; they were invaded by Napoleon. Prussia took them over in 1866. They lived under the Kaiser and under Hitler. Through all this they came with good courage. If you ask them today about their identity, they just might tell you, 'Wy bin't Groofshappers' (We are Grafschappers)."^[3]

Arranged marriages have been a longstanding tradition in Grafschaft (county) Bentheim. In former times, the parents arranged for their children to marry a distant relative. Weddings lasted three days with each invited guest giving about 100 DM ($50 in 1988) to the newly married couple. The couple signs the marriage contract before the ceremony (as opposed to after, as in the United States). The presentation of the dowry and hope chest was part of the ceremony.

Until the 1950s, most gave birth, with aid of a midwife, in their own home. After birth, the baby would have its lower body tightly wrapped to prevent it becoming bowlegged and a tight fitting cap would be placed on its head, covering the ears, "so the ears would grow nice and close to the face."^[4] Children born during the week would be baptized in the Reformed tradition that coming Sunday, attended by the neighbors and midwife to stand as witnesses. In former times, the new mother would not leave the house during the first six weeks after giving birth.

When a family member dies, the next-door neighbor is the first to be contacted. He is in charge for the next four days, and instructs the other neighbors as to their duties. He is responsible for contacting the pastor (officiant), the bell ringer, and the gravedigger and making the burial arrangements. The town bell would be sounded one toll for each year the deceased had lived. If the death occurred after 9:00 p.m., this would wait until 9:00 the following morning. The casket builder would then begin his work, and the "death messengers" would be dispatched to inform the citizenry of the death with a message akin to "You are asked to attend the funeral of the departed ____________ at (time and date)." All in attendance at the funeral would wear unadorned black clothing. From 850 CE to about 1850 CE, burial was done in the churchyard, the idea being that the "church on earth" was the closest place to the "Church Triumphant." A grave was family-owned, and could be reused for another family member after 30 years. Napoleon decreed the establishment of cemetery yards outside of the city or village (for sanitary reasons) in 1808, an edict which was resisted in Bentheim, but finally adopted in 1850.

The funeral was followed by a church service featuring songs about resurrection. The length of the mourning period varied by relationship to the deceased: three years for the spouse, two years for the children, one year for the siblings, and 6 weeks for the next-door neighbor. During this period, unadorned black was to be worn, and this was strictly enforced.

States of Bentheim

• County of Bentheim (c.1050 - 1277)
• County of Bentheim-Alpen (1606–1629)
• County of Bentheim-Bentheim (1277–1530, 1643–1753, 1753 - 1803)
• County of Bentheim-Bentheim and Bentheim-Steinfurt (1803–1806)
• County of Bentheim-Limburg (1606–1632)
• County of Bentheim-Lingen (1450–1555)
• County of Bentheim-Steinfurt (1454 - 1803)
• County of Bentheim-Tecklenburg (1277–1557)
• County of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda (1606–1806)

Counts of Bentheim (c. 1050 - 1277)

???

• Otto of Salm (1115–1149)
• Sophia (1149–1176) with...
• Dirk (VI of Holland) (1149–1157)
• Otto I (1176–1207)
• Baldwin (1207–1247)
• Otto II (1247–1277)

Pre-history^[5]

• 500-600 CE: Germanic tribes settle the area
• 804 CE: Saxon tribes lose their independence
• 800-850 CE: Charlemagne introduces "Christianity with the sword." Founding of the scholten system. Emlichheim, Uelsen, Veldhausen, and Nordhorn become church and court districts.

External links

• Map of Lower Saxony in 1789

References

1. ^ Swenna Harger & Loren Lemmen, The County of Bentheim and Her Emigrants to North America (Holland, MI: Swenna Harger, 1994), p. 3.
2. ^ The Yearbook of History Society of Bentheim (1984), p. 135.
3. ^ Swenna Harger & Loren Lemmen, The County of Bentheim and Her Emigrants to North America (Holland, MI: Swenna Harger, 1994), p. 4.
4. ^ Swenna Harger & Loren Lemmen, The County of Bentheim and Her Emigrants to North America (Holland, MI: Swenna Harger, 1994), p. 5.
5. ^ Swenna Harger & Loren Lemmen, The County of Bentheim and Her Emigrants to North America (Holland, MI: Swenna Harger, 1994), p. 149.