History of Portland, Maine

The History of Portland, Maine begins when the area was called Machigonne, meaning "great neck," by the Abenaki Native Americans who originally inhabited the peninsula. It extends to the city's recent cultural and economic renaissance.

ettlement

The first European to attempt settlement was Christopher Levett, an English naval captain who was granted convert|6000|acre|km2 from the King of England in 1623 to found a permanent settlement in Casco Bay. Levett proposed naming it York after York, England, the town of his birth. A member of the Plymouth Council for New England and an agent for Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Lord Proprietor of Maine, he returned to England and wrote a book about his voyage, hoping to generate support for the settlement. [ [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=gwKwEbZhv3cC&dq=%22christopher+levett%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=UQCWMF5PBW&sig=pdiiURhalN_V28YtQQP-BVtEVxU Christopher Levett, of York: The Pioneer Colonist in Casco Bay, James Baxter Phinney,1893] ] But his efforts yielded little interest, and Levett never returned to Maine. He did sail to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 to confer with Governor John Winthrop, but died during return passage to England. It's unknown what became of the men he left behind at Machigonne. Fort Levett, built in 1894 on Cushing Island in Portland Harbor, is named for him. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=LB6jYtB3vlIC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=%22christopher+levett%22&source=web&ots=1VY38h4HaS&sig=MyHiCirUVWVydTn-gi8zy0QzbtE&hl=en The Maine Reader: The Down East Experience from 1614 to the Present, Charles E. Shain, 1997] ] [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=yETLcuNxk18C&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&dq=%22christopher+levett%22&source=web&ots=xAJUgkHJMB&sig=eeSfzF5oCct-0KKCsmVD5cp3mgs&hl=en Christopher Levett: The First Owner of the Soil of Portland, Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 1893] ]

The next (and first permanent) settlement came in 1633 when George Cleeve and Richard Tucker established a fishing and trading village. The town was then renamed Casco. In 1658, its name was changed again, this time to Falmouth after Falmouth, England. An obelisk monument at the end of Congress Street, where it meets the Eastern Promenade, commemorates the four historical names of Portland.

In 1676, the village was completely destroyed by the Abenaki people during King Philip's War. In 1678, it was rebuilt and Fort Loyal erected, the largest fortification on the coast. Nevertheless, it was all destroyed in 1690 during King William's War by a combined force of 400-500 French and Indians. It remained abandoned until after the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth. On October 18, 1775, the community was destroyed yet again, bombarded for 9 hours during the Revolutionary War by the Royal Navy's HMS "Canceaux" under command of Lieutenant Henry Mowat. [cite web|url=http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=7479|title=Jedediah Preble letter on Mowat kidnapping, 1775|accessdate=2007-04-01] The Burning of Falmouth left three-quarters of the town in ashes -- and its citizens committed to independence. When rebuilt, the community's center shifted from India Street to where the Old Port district is today.

Trade and shipping center

Following the war, a section of Falmouth called The Neck developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786, the citizens of Falmouth formed a separate town in Falmouth Neck and named it Portland. Portland's economy was greatly stressed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (prohibition of trade with the British), which ended in 1809, and the War of 1812, which ended in 1815. In 1820, Maine became a state and Portland was selected as its capital. The Abyssinian Meeting House, the 3rd Meeting House founded by Free African Americans, was founded in 1828 on Newbury Street in the East End. In 1832, the capital was moved to Augusta.

In 1851, Maine lead the nation by passing the first state law to prohibit the sale of alcohol except for "medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes." The law subsequently became known as the Maine law as 18 states quickly followed Maine. Portland was a center for protests against the law, and the protests culminated on June 2, 1855 in the Portland Rum Riot. Between 1,000 to 3,000 people opposed to the law gathered because Neal S. Dow, the mayor of Portland and a Maine Temperance Society leader, had authorized a shipment of $1,600 of "medicinal and mechanical alcohol." The protesters believed, falsely, that this shipment was for private use. When the protesters failed to disperse, Dow ordered the militia to fire. One man was killed and seven were wounded. Following the outcome of the Portland Rum Riot, the Maine law was repealed in 1856. Fact|date=May 2008

The Cumberland and Oxford Canal extended waterborne commerce from Portland harbor to Sebago Lake and Long Lake in 1832. Portland became the primary ice-free winter seaport for Canadian exports upon completion of the Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal in 1853. In the 19th-century, The Portland Company manufactured more than 600 steam locomotives. Portland became a 20th century rail hub as five additional rail lines merged into Portland Terminal Company in 1911. Canadian export traffic was diverted from Portland to Halifax, Nova Scotia following nationalization of the Grand Trunk system in 1923; and 20th-century icebreakers later enabled ships to reach Montreal throughout the winter.

The Great Fire and rebuilding

The Great Fire of July 4, 1866, ignited during the Independence Day celebration, destroyed most of the commercial buildings in the city, half the churches and hundreds of homes. More than 10,000 people were left homeless. After this fire, Portland was rebuilt with brick and took on a Victorian appearance. Prosperous citizens began building mansions along the city's fashionable Western Promenade.

The quality and style of architecture in Portland is in large part due to the succession of well-known 19th-century architects who worked in the city. Alexander Parris (1780–1852) arrived about 1800 and endowed Portland with numerous Federal style buildings, although some were lost in the 1866 fire. Charles A. Alexander (1822–1882) designed numerous Victorian mansions. Henry Rowe (1810–1870) specialized in Gothic cottages. George M. Harding (1827–1910) designed many of the commercial buildings in Portland's Old Port, as well as ornate residential buildings. Around the turn of the century, Frederick A. Tompson (1857–1906) also designed many of city's residential buildings.

But by far the most influential and prolific architects of the Western Promenade area were Francis Henry Fassett (1823–1908) and John Calvin Stevens (1855–1940). Fassett was commissioned to build the Maine General Hospital Building (now a wing of the Maine Medical Center) and the Williston West Church as well as many other churches, schools, commercial buildings, apartment buildings, private residences, and his own duplex home on Pine Street. From the early 1880s to the 1930s Stevens worked in a wide range of styles from the Queen Anne and Romanesque popular at the beginning of his career, to the Mission Revival Style of the 1920s, but the architect is best known for his pioneering efforts in the Shingle and Colonial Revival styles, examples of which abound in this area.

Decline and revival

The erection of the Maine Mall, an indoor shopping center established in the suburb of South Portland during the 1970s, had a significant effect on Portland's downtown. Department stores and other major franchises, many from Congress Street or Free Street, either moved to the nearby mall or went out of business. This was a mixed blessing for locals, protecting the city's character (chain stores are often uninterested in it now) but led to a number of empty storefronts. Residents had to venture out of town for certain products and services no longer available on the peninsula.

But now the old seaport is attracting residents and investment. Because of the city government's emphasis on preservation, much of the opulent Victorian architecture of Portland's rebuilding has been restored. In 1982, the area was entered on the National Register of Historic Places. In modern lifestyle surveys, it is often cited as one of America's best small cities to live in.

Portland is currently experiencing a building boom, although more controlled and conservative than the 1980s building boom. In recent years, Congress Street has become home to more stores and eateries, spurred on by the expanding Maine College of Art and the conversion of office buildings to high-end condos. Rapid development is occurring in the historically industrial Bayside neighborhood, as well as the emerging harborside Ocean Gateway neighborhood at the base of Munjoy Hill. [cite news |title=Bayside is a journey of many 'next steps' |url=http://business.mainetoday.com/news/061016bayside.html |work= |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=2006-10-16 |accessdate=2006-11-13 ] [cite news |first=Kelley |last=Bouchard |title=Riverwalk: Parking garage due to rise; luxury condos to follow |url=http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/news/local/061006riverwalk.html |work= |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=2006-10-6 |accessdate=2006-11-13 ] [cite news |first=Tux |last=Turkel |title=An urban vision rises in Bayside |url=http://business.mainetoday.com/news/070206bayside.html |work= |publisher=Portland Press Herald (Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc.) |date=2007-2-6 |accessdate=2007-02-27]

Since the mid-1990s, Maine College of Art has been a revitalizing force in the downtown area, bringing in students from around the country, and restoring the historic Porteous building on Congress Street as its main facility. The school has also maintained the Baxter Building, once home to the city's public library, as a computer lab and photography studio.

Old postcards of Portland

West End architecture

ee also

* Maine Historical Society & Museum
* Munjoy Hill
* Portland City Hall
* Portland Museum of Art
* Portland Observatory
* St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad
* Union Station
* Wadsworth-Longfellow House

References

* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=UXMFAAAAQAAJ&dq=History+of+Portland+Maine&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=jXcbe7kvLq&sig=Gli5pzyp4L-t5hVr-64J8LAWpzM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result History of Portland, Maine (1865)]
* [http://history.rays-place.com/me/portland-me.htm History of Portland, Maine (1886)]
* [http://www.workingwaterfront.com/columns/Parallel-44-Why-the-Royal-Navy-burned-Portland-in-1775/11653/ Why the Royal Navy burned Portland in 1775]

External links

* [http://www.portlandlandmarks.org/ Greater Portland Landmarks]
* [http://www.mainehistory.org/ Maine Historical Society]
* [http://www.mngrr.org/indexa.php Maine Narrow Gauge Railroad Co. & Museum]
* [http://www.mainepreservation.org/ Maine Preservation]
* [http://my.preservationnation.org/site/News2?JServSessionIdr010=idbbyswni1.app5a&page=NewsArticle&id=8369&security=1762&news_iv_ctrl=-1 National Trust for Historic Preservation -- Portland, Maine]