Holy Jesus Hospital

The Holy Jesus Hospital is a museum and tourist attraction in Newcastle upon Tyne, England in the care of the National Trust.

The site of the building has had a 700 year history of helping the townspeople and this history is explained by the museum currently on the site. There was an Augustinian Friary on the site from the thirteenth century, and then a hospital or almshouse for housing retired freemen and then a soup kitchen in the nineteenth century before the site acquired its current function as a museum which also serves as the basis of the Inner City Project of the National Trust. [cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-holyjesushospital.htm |title=National Trust Holy Jesus Hospital |publisher=Nationaltrust.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] . The Inner City Project takes people of ages 12-25 and over 50 out to the countryside in order to increase appreciation of the city's natural surroundings.

The building is of interest architecturally because it still retains architectural elements from many previous centuries including a thirteenth century sacristy wall and 16th century fortifications connected with the King's Council of the North. [cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-holyjesushospital/w-holyjesushospital-seeanddo.htm |title=National Trust Holy Jesus Hospital What to see & do |publisher=Nationaltrust.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04]

1291 – 1539 Augustinian Friary

In the 13th Century Newcastle upon Tyne had a population of around 4000 and it was difficult for the four parish churches to care for the needs of such a large population.Baglee, Christopher. The Holy Jesus Hospital. A Short History. Northern History Booklet No 14. Page 5 ] The priests were expected to be educators, doctors and counsellors as well as meet the spiritual needs of their parishioners. Therefore in 1291 land was gifted by William Baron of Wark on Tweed to found an Augustinian Friary on the land on which the museum now stands. The Augustinian Friars were originally an order of hermits in Northern Italy whom Pope Alexander IV first congregated into a single body in 1256. The Order then spread to France and then to England after being invited by Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford to found Clare Priory in Suffolk by the river Stour.cite web|url=http://www.davidsemporium.co.uk/st.marys/history5.html |title=History Of The Augustinian Order |publisher=Davidsemporium.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] On 3rd September 1249 de Clare was able to get a writ of protection for the Friars from the King. The brethren were clothed in black and observed the rule of St Augustine. Augustianian Friars had been in England since 1250 and they helped by preaching and healing in the community. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43329] British History Online ] The Friary was also used as a lodgings house because it was on one of the main roads North. On the day that King Edward I passed through Newcastle in December 1299 the brethren each received 3s. 4d. In 1306 the King also granted the monastery additional lands to enlarge the burial ground. Richard II directed the bailiffs of the city to issue a proclamation against dumping waste near the site. Apparently some local people threw "excrements, filth, and garbage, in a certain way that led near to the house of the Austin Friars, to their great annoyance and peril." It is possible that the site was used by English Kings before its later use as a temporary seat for the Council of the North after the dissolution of the Monasteries. Henry Bourne, an 18th century historian of Newcastle Upon Tyne wrote of the site: "the Kings of England since the Conquest, kept house in it, whence they came with an Army Royal against Scotland, and since the Suppression of the Monasteries, made a Magazine and Store-house for the North Parts." [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B1wJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=holy+jesus+hospital+newcastle&source=web&ots=vIw1_NtUt2&sig=0-yRGQyKzYh3QR4hwqDjH5yMf28&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA136,M1] The History of Newcastle Upon Tyne: Or, The Ancient and Present State of that Town, Henry Bourne,Published by J. White, 1736, Original from Oxford University, Digitized 8 Aug 2007]

Bourne also suggests that the use of the site as a religious centre might predate the Friary. He wrote "the same authority tells us also, that there was an ancient Religious House founded by the Kings of Northumberland and that several of them were buried here; but it cannot be true that they built any Thing for the St Austin Fryers, for they came not into England 'till long after the Conquest, in the year 1252."

1539 - Dissolution of the Monasteries

In 1539 the Friary was seized by the crown along with 5 others in the area. At the time of its capture the Friary had seven brethren and three novices including the prior, Andrew Kell. The Monks and Nuns were pensioned and the friars received gratuities. Some took jobs as chantry priests or accommodation in Parish Livings. Those nuns who were of good birth returned to their families. The bells, lead plate and vestments were turned over to the crown. Most of the building and lands were sold to the lesser gentry, new nobility, and town merchants or to borough corporations. At the time of the Dissolution there was a prior, ten Friars and 3 novices.

In 1537 Thomas Cromwell was asked if the Austin Friary site could be left intact after the dissolution to be used as Northern headquarters of the Kings Council of the North when it was not sitting at York. [ King's Council in the North by Rachel R Reid ISBN 0-7158-1126-6 ] It was rarely used for this purpose (Elizabeth I decreed that the council spend 20 days a year there). It appear that in 1551 the site was granted to John, Duke of Northumberland "as parcel of Tynemouth Monastry." In 1553, Richard Benson occurs as keeper of this house for the crown for a fee of 40s per annum. In the map of the City by John Speed in 1610, the site appears as 'Kings Manour.' It was much dilapidated by 1595. During the confused period of the civil war it passed into the hands of the Corporation. The area became known as Kings Manor which was a short lived counterpart to the famous King’s Manor at York. Military drills were performed by the townspeople at an area called the artillery ground. All that remains of the Friary is part of the sacristy wall though a model in the interpretation room gives a possible layout of some of the Friary buildings.

The Tower

The Tower was constructed sometime between the Dissolution and the Union of the Crowns but the exact date is not known. It was probably constructed as a strong room to store munitions or provide a secure location if the city walls were breached. This turned the ground floor room into a lock up where troublesome citizens would be thrown until they came before the law to be punished. Much about the tower has changed. The wall to the right of the door is 13th Century while the dividing wall including the door is 18th Century.

1605 – 1646 Private ownership

In 1605 the tower and Friary buildings were given by James I of England to George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar. In that same year Home was also made a Knight of the Garter and recieved his Earldom of Dunbar. Bourne quotes one of his sources as saying, "a Scot did beg it (the Hospital) of King James; after that took the lead off it and sold it; but it was cast away before it came to it's market." [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B1wJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=holy+jesus+hospital+newcastle&source=web&ots=vIw1_NtUt2&sig=0-yRGQyKzYh3QR4hwqDjH5yMf28&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA137,M1] The History of Newcastle Upon Tyne: Or, The Ancient and Present State of that Town, Henry Bourne,Published by J. White, 1736, Original from Oxford University, Digitized 8 Aug 2007] Also in that year Home consolidated all the lands given to him into a free Earldom, Lordship of Parliament and Barony of Dunbar. The site was one of many Home acquired under the patronage of the king including the Manor and Castle of Norlan and the Castle of St Andrews. Home died in Whitehall, London, in 1611 without a male heir and thus his Earldom and Barony became extinct. A Captain Dykes became the next owner of the land. The site disappears from the historical record until 1646 when it is recorded as being owned by the council.

1646 – 1825 The Hospital

The Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1681 by public subscription to house retired Freemen, their widows or unmarried sons or daughters. [cite web|url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/vnev.nsf/allbykey/C899130CE9D8478480256F2B00374BFF?opendocument |title=Holy Jesus Hospital-National Trust |publisher=Newcastle.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] , [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43383] British History.ac.uk ] cite web|url=http://www.kendallcross.co.uk/New_Pages/history.html |title=Historic Building Refurbishment |publisher=Kendallcross.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] The hospital was commonly known by local people as the "Freeman's Hospital" and the "Town's Hospital" but on the 26th of March 1684 the building was incorporated by the name of the master, brethren, and sisters of the Hospital of the holy Jesus. Shortly afterwards the founders bought a quay and garden, in the Close for £700 and an estate in Edderly, County Durham for £1610, and another estate at Whittle, Northumberland for £1300 and the master and brethren of the hospital were settled across these properties. The building itself was constructed using brick construction which was then a relatively new method (brick was usually used as an infill for timber-framed buildings). [http://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/body_holy_jesus.htm] Timmonet Entry] Indeed the structure is one of only two 17th century brick buildings in Newcastle-Upon Tyne, the other being nearby Alderman Fenwick’s House in Pilgrim Street. To be allocated a room one had to meet the committee’s criteria and once were admitted one had to abide by the master’s rules. It remained in use until 1937 when the new Hospital was built at Spital Towers. Strict rules governed the "inmates" including being locked in their rooms at 9pm and having their doors unlocked again at 6am. There were no children allowed and the inmates were instructed to attend church each week and take the sacrament. Each year the residents would have been given a free suit of clothing, a measure of coal and if the charity allowed it some pocket money (Alms.

The first master of the house was a man named Thomas Lewen, a merchant by trade. The master's seal had a cross engraved on it and bore the words "Sigillum Hospitalis Sancti Jesu in Novo Castro." The original allowance for the inmates of the hospital was 20 shillings per 'quarterly' while the master would get 30 shillings. On January 2, 1752, the council decreed that forty 'fothers' of coal be given to the hospital annually and, on December 18, 1769, the master was required to be paid £8, and each inmate sister £6 per annum. By the early 19th century this allowance had increased to £13 for each inmate per annum, for fothers of 'best Benwell' coals as well as providing clothing. In addition to this the inmates were required to see the Mayor at the Guildhall once each quarter where grievances would be heard. The inmates could also receive money from charities and this was often called escutcheon money.

In 1705 the inmates of the Newcastle House of Correction were commisioned to produce 'purple and grey cloth' for the uniforms of the widows of the Holy Jesus Hospital. [ [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OnB-7ZcDKE0C&pg=PA184&lpg=PA184&dq=holy+jesus+hospital&source=web&ots=S7KScTzF4A&sig=KiwqAyRVJkpOiobR7Lw5QIWE9Hg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA184,M1] Rogues, Thieves, and the Rule of Law: The Problem of Law Enforcement in North-east England, 1718-1800 By Gwenda Morgan, Peter Rushton Published by Routledge, 1998 ISBN 1857281160, 9781857281163 page 184]

There is an inscription in Latin on the front on the building. Roughly translated it reads;
"Hospital for poor people by the expense of the citizens and leaders of Newcastle upon Tyne in the year of salvation 1683. Built by Timothy Robson, Mayor, John Squire Sheriff, but now only remains the three of Faith Hope and Charity, and the greatest of these is Charity."

In 1646 the council allowed the Barber Surgeons to build their hall just east of the site: this agreement was given on the 15th March 1647. In 1648 the plot of land was leased to the barber surgeons on condition that they constructed their hall within two years and that part of the site was to be laid out as a garden for medicinal herbs. A second hall built in 1730 disappeared under the railway viaduct in the 1840s. The most aged claimants were preferred for placements at the Hospital and on the 22nd of March, 1779, the Mayor and common council of Newcastle ordered that several candidates produce certificates to prove their respective ages, to be filed in the town-clerk's office. [ [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CPsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA527-IA1&dq=holy+jesus+hospital&client=firefox-a#PPA529,M1] A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle Upon Tyne: Including the Borough of Gateshead, By Eneas MackenziePublished by Mackenzie and Dent, 1827, Original from Harvard University, Digitized 22 Feb 2008, page 529]

19th Century

While the modern site is heavily enclosed by modern constructions, particularly Swan House roundabout, [cite web|url=http://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/body_holy_jesus.htm |title=Holy Jesus |publisher=Timmonet.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] a report by the Institute of Historical Research in 1827 portrays a much more open space.cquote
This hospital is finely situated on a small eminence, which is ascended by steps from the Manor Chare. It faces the south, and is a good brick building, three stories high. The under story is adorned with piazzas, which are 91 feet in length, and make a very agreeable walk, a small field being in front, which is separated from the street by a low stone wall and a light iron paling. About the middle of the piazza is the entrance to the second and third stories, each of which has a light gallery that extends the whole length of the building. At the foot of the stairs is a poor-box, and the figure of Charity; and, opposite to the entrance, an ornamented fountain for the use of the hospital. This building contains 42 rooms, each 13 feet by 12 feet; and every room has a small coal-house in the back-yard. They are now all rendered more comfortable than formerly; and some of the magistrates occasionally visit the hospital, as was the practice in former times.

A Soup Kitchen was built in 1880 by public subscription and dispensed soup to the ‘deserving poor’ until 1891cite web|url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/lifestyle-news/food-and-drink-news/2008/02/15/how-does-a-127-year-old-recipe-for-soup-stand-up-today-61634-20479666/ |title=How does a 127-year-old recipe for soup stand up today? - JournalLive |publisher=Journallive.co.uk |date=Feb 15 2008 by Alastair Gilmour, The Journal |accessdate=2008-10-04] . The soup was not free: it cost half a pence per pint. People who had donated each had a number of tickets which they could give to those people who they believed qualified for the ration. The deserving poor in Victorian times were those unable to work during the winter months. Those individuals classed as undeserving were those whose poverty was deemed to be caused by indolence and alcoholism. [cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0DC153AF934A2575AC0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=THE NATION; For the Poor, Defining Who Deserves What - New York Times |publisher=Query.nytimes.com |author=Kimberly J. Mclarin |date=Published: September 17, 1995 |accessdate=2008-10-04] A recent article has suggested that the soup provided by the Kitchen was highly nutritious. In 1881 the committee from the Discharged Prisoner’s Aid Society asked to use the building when it was not in use for discharged female convicts from the prison at Carliol Square (1828-1925) to do laundry work and the Society continued to use it for this purpose until the turn of the century.

From 1893 the building was leased to pork butcher F.G Thompson who made alterations to the building presumably to separate his business from the laundry and ex-convicts. Urwins Chemical Factory operated on the site from 1913 producing industrial and domestic chemicals and pharmaceuticals as well as filing first aid boxes until 1961 when they moved to Stepney bank in Ouseburn. In the Interwar Period the Council decided that the hospital was no longer fit to house people because of the stench caused by acid manufacture. [http://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/body_holy_jesus.htm] Timmonet Entry ] Therefore a new Hospital was built at Spital Tougues. Some of the building's original fixtures were moved to the new site at this time.

1950 – 1973 The First Museum

In late 1960s the Museum Board was looking to have more museums in Newcastle and thought the Holy Jesus Hospital could be used. The restoration cost £67,000 and a new roof was needed. During the restoration some of the original fabric of the building such as door frames, doors and walls on the top floor were lost. In 1970 John George Joicey Museum opened. During this time the soup kitchens were joined to the Holy Jesus Hospital. The first floor rooms were used for teaching the history of Newcastle from the Roman period to the present date. There were period rooms illustrating living styles from the early Stuart to late Victorian periods. Much of the collection was donated by bequest by John George Joicey, a Gateshead businessman and owner of the mining company James Joicey & Co. ltd, and after whom the museum was named. Joicey was also a prominent donor to the Laing Art Gallery. The tower of the hospital had the Alnwick Armoury and the Shotley Bridge Sword makers displays on the first and second floors. The Shotley Bridge Sword makers were German swordmakers who settled in Shotley Bridge, Durham, in the 17th century. The soup kitchen was mainly used as a Victorian schoolroom children were dressed and taught as Victorian children would have been. There were also audio-visual presentations that illustrated the Tyne Flood of 1771 and the Great Fire of 1854. Part of the museum was devoted to the Northumberland Hussars and the 15th and 19th Regiments of the King's Royal Hussars. [ [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S7XyMa-n5_YC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=John+George+Joicey+Museum&source=web&ots=sws5MkwfOH&sig=J0VkZHBFy5J9q_jroCqEeRsI0Vo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result] The Pleasures and Treasures of Britain: A Discerning Traveller's Companion, by David Kemp, Published by Dundurn Press Ltd., 1992 ISBN 1550021591, 9781550021592, page 342 ] The museum's location combined with the city’s underpasses and roads system made access to the museum difficult and it was little visited. [http://www.northumbrianassociation.com/news_and_events/2004-08-05.html] Northumbrian Association ] In 1973 the Museum closed and all artefacts were taken to the Discovery Museum on Blandford Street. These included the effigy of a knight from the 15th Century that was found next to the sacristy wall outside the Tower.

2000 The Inner City Project and the new Museum

The Holy Jesus Hospital has been the centre of the National Trust’s Inner City Project. By August 2004 £800,000 had been spent on renovating the building. Funds for the restoration of the site came from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Tyne and Wear Partnership. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/3702278.stm] BBC news report ] The project been running since 1987 in the east end of Newcastle working with young people from 12-25 and with the over 50s, taking them out to the countryside. [cite web|url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/css.nsf/AllCSSWeb/F9D6E30C5590C42880256A8D002F88B9 |title=National Trust Inner City Project |publisher=Newcastle.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-04] The National Trust needed a central office to expand their work into other inner city areas, so a 25 year lease was negotiated with the council. The new museum on the site features touch screens and 3D models to help teach people about the site's history of helping the townspeople. In the book "The Remains of Distant Times: Archaeology and the National Trust", Priscilla Boniface criticizes what she believes to be the National Trust's lack of interest in operating in urban environments but praises the Inner City Project as a step towards rectifying this. She wrote "Its occasional ventures - such as the Newcastle Inner City Project...by their frequent mention in National Trust communications, merely serve to underline how few of their type the Trust has to call on for report." She argues that although the aim of introducing town dwellers to the countryside is "laudable", the "respectful and serious suggestion might be made, though, that a person or person's might be usefully employed also with the objective of raising National Trust people's understanding of and confidence in their ability to visit and enjoy, or at least encounter, the city." [ [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MJylQnvpXQcC&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=national+trust+inner+city+project&source=web&ots=aqu62R4lff&sig=fIBpiOPHRUR5nilxYpAdUHC00fY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA111,M1] The Remains of Distant Times: Archaeology and the National TrustBy David Morgan Evans, Peter Salway, David Thackray, National Trust (Great Britain) Contributor David Morgan Evans, Peter Salway, David ThackrayPublished by Boydell & Brewer, 1996 ISBN 0851156711, 9780851156712, page 111 ] However, Frank Collins and Tess Kay in their book "Sport and Social Exclusion" cite research suggesting that the scheme has been effective in promoting "social inclusion". [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q82PkogsEOQC&pg=RA1-PA201&dq=national+trust+inner+city+project&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3Rk_6LMjuSDazLkHV472yUtFuNWg#PRA1-PA200,M1] Sport and Social Exclusion, By Michael Frank Collins and Tess Kay Published by Routledge, 2003ISBN 0415259584, 9780415259583 page 200 ] They note, however, that the project has been limited by the funds made available to it. ]

Notable Visitors to the Site

* Princess Margaret Tudor – daughter of Henry VII spent four days there in 1503 on her journey north to marry James IV of Scotland [ [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oZjM70x2vDYC&pg=PA101&dq=holy+jesus+hospital&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3TNjwJ4sk4dGDJZQ9-VLRQ-iZXzA#PPA101,M1] Northumberland Yesterday and To-Day, Jean F. Terry, Published by BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2007 ISBN 142644656X, page 101 ] (who died in 1513 at the Battle of Flodden). [ [http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/jamesiv.html James IV Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland ] ]
* Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk stayed there in 1560. As a result £67 was spent on materials and repairs: the walls were re-pointed, roof lead re-laid, gutters and broken windows repaired, a chimney rebuilt, dining chamber on the Great Hall enlarged, two doors cut through a wall and the construction of a new stone window. Materials purchased included 4000 bricks and a considerable amount of glass from Hartlepool. Norfolk was imprisoned just nine years later by Elizabeth I for plotting to marry Mary Queen of Scots. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09764a.htm] Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Mary Queen of Scots ]
* Eric XIV of Sweden visited in 1561 for which the Great Hall was whitewashed and hung with borrowed tapestries for his visit. Eric was in England to pursue marriage negotiations with Elizabeth Tudor (who became Queen Elizabeth I). However, this mission was cancelled due to the death of Eric's father in 1560.
* The Percies of Alnwick visited the site on occasion.

See also

* Augustinians
* Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Council of the North
* Blackfriars, Newcastle
* National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
* The Discovery Museum
* Eric XIV of Sweden
* George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar
* Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
* Princess Margaret Tudor
* History of Newcastle upon Tyne

References

External Links

* [http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-holyjesushospital.htm/ Entry on the National Trust Website]
* [http://www.journallive.co.uk/lifestyle-news/food-and-drink-news/2008/02/15/how-does-a-127-year-old-recipe-for-soup-stand-up-today-61634-20479666/ Article on the soup served at the Soup Kitchen]
* [http://www.augustinians.org.uk/index.html/ Website of the British Order of St Augustine]