Southern Renaissance

The Southern Renaissance (also known as Southern Renascence) [Tate, Allen, "The New Provincialism", 1945] was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Caroline Gordon, Elizabeth Madox Roberts, Katherine Anne Porter, Allen Tate, Tennessee Williams, and Robert Penn Warren, among others.

Overview

Prior to this renaissance, Southern writers tended to focus on historical romances about the "Lost Cause" of the Confederate States of America. This writing glorified the heroism of the Confederate army and civilian population during the Civil War and the supposedly "idyllic culture" that existed in the South before the war (known as the Antebellum South).

The belief in the heroism and morality of the South's "Lost Cause" was a driving force in Southern literature between the Civil War and World War I. The Southern Renaissance changed this by addressing three major themes in their works. The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery, Reconstruction, and a devastating military defeat. The second theme was to focus on the South's conservative culture, specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity in a region where family, religion, and community were more highly valued than one's personal and social life. The final theme that the renaissance writers approached was the South's troubled history in regards to racial issues. Because of these writers' distance from the Civil War and slavery, they were able to bring more objectivity to writings about the South. They also brought new modernistic techniques such as stream of consciousness and complex narrative techniques to their works (as Faulkner did in his novel "As I Lay Dying").

Among the writers of the Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner is arguably the most influential and famous, having won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949.

The emergence of a new critical spirit

The Southern Renaissance in the 1920s had been preceded by a long period after the Civil War during which Southern literature was dominated by writers who supported the Lost Cause. Yet the critical spirit that characterized the Southern Renaissance did have roots in the era that preceded it.

From the 1880s onwards, a few white Southern authors, such as George Washington Cable and Mark Twain (often considered a Southerner because he grew up in the slave state of Missouri and wrote about the South) dismissed this nostalgia by pointing out the blatant racism and exploitation of blacks at that time, and ridiculing the notion of Southern "chivalry".

In the 1890s, the writings of journalist Walter Hines Page and academics William Peterfield Trent and John Spencer Bassett severely criticized the cultural and intellectual mediocrity of the men who held power in the South. In 1903, Basset, an academic at Trinity College (later Duke University) angered many influential white Southerners when he called African-American leader Booker T. Washington "the greatest man, save General Lee, born in the South in a hundred years." ["The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology (1998), p. 248]

The most comprehensive and outspoken criticisms directed against the tenets of the "Lost Cause" before the First World War were put forth by African American writers who grew up in the South, most famously by Charles W. Chesnutt in his novels "The House Behind the Cedars" and "The Marrow of Tradition". ["The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology (1998), p. 336] However, before the 1970s, African-American authors from the South were not considered part of Southern literature by the white and mostly male authors and critics who considered themselves the main creators and guardians of the Southern literary tradition.

The Southern Renaissance was the first mainstream movement within Southern literature to address the criticisms directed against Southern cultural and intellectual life that had emerged both from within the Southern literary tradition and had been expressed by outsiders, most notably by satirist H.L. Mencken. In the 1920s, Mencken led the attack on the genteel tradition in American literature, ridiculing the provinicialism of American intellectual life. In his 1920 essay "The Sahara of the Bozart" (a pun on a Southern pronunciation of 'beaux-arts') he singled out the South as the most provincial and intellectually barren region of the US. Mencken claimed that since the Civil War, intellectual and cultural life in the South had gone into terminal decline, creating a storm of protest from within conservative circles in the South. However, many emerging Southern writers who were already highly critical of contemporary life in the South were emboldened by Mencken's essay.

The emergence of the Southern Renaissance as a literary and cultural movement has also been regarded as a consequence of the opening up of the predominantly rural South to outside influences due to the industrial expansion that took place in the region during and after the First World War. Southern opposition to industrialization was expressed in the famous collection of essays "I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition", written by authors and critics from the Southern Renaissance who came to be known as Southern Agrarians.

The Fugitives

The start of the Southern Renaissance is often traced back to the activities of "The Fugitives", a group of poets and critics who were based at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, just after the First World War. The group included John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and others. Together they created the magazine "The Fugitive", so named because the editors announced that they fled "from nothing faster than from the high-caste Brahmins of the Old South." ["The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology (1998), p. 249]

Legacy

Many Southern writers of the 1940s, '50s, and '60s were inspired by the writers of the Southern Renaissance, including Reynolds Price, James Dickey, Walker Percy, Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, Carson McCullers, and Harper Lee (whose novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" won the Pulitzer Prize in 1961), along with many others.

Notes and References

See also

* African American literature
* Southern Gothic
* Southern literature