Water privatization in Chile

The privatization of water in Chile was undertaken from 1998 to 2005 under the democratically elected governments of Eduardo Frei and Ricardo Lagos. Chile is the only country in Latin America that privatized its entire urban water supply and sanitation sector. It also carried out the most far-reaching reform in Latin America—transferring ownership of assets to the private sector—while in other Latin American countries, this involved the private sector governments' signing concession agreements while maintaining ownership of assets in public hands. The privatization was preceded by a decade of reforms, during which a robust regulatory framework was created, public utilities were strengthened, tariffs were increased, and a system of subsidies for needy households was introduced to help them cope with higher tariffs. These reforms may be a crucial element in explaining the relative success and stability of water privatization in Chile compared to other countries such as Argentina and Bolivia.

According to the World Bank's Private Participation in Infrastructure database, investment commitments by the private sector in Chile's water and sanitation sector reached US$5.7-billion in 1993–2005 through 20 projects, with US$4-billion of commitments made in 1999 alone through four projects. Seven projects were divestitures, ten were concessions, and three were greenfield projects in wastewater treatment plants. [cite web
last = PPI database
first =
authorlink = World Bank
coauthors =
title = Country Snapshot Chile
work =
publisher =
date =
url = http://ppi.worldbank.org/explore/ppi_exploreCountry.aspx?countryId=105
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13]

A decade of reforms prior to privatization

Between 1988 and 1990, a number of legal reforms and the creation of new institutions had two principal objectives:
#The service providers should become self-financing through higher tariffs that represent the real costs of the services and more efficient performance;
#Water supply and sanitation coverage and quality should become universal.

Therefore, in December 1988, the General Water and Sanitation Law (" _es. Ley General de Servicios Sanitarios") allowed the granting of 13 regional concessions to public, private, or mixed shareholding companies in each of Chile’s regions. In 1990, the regulatory agency SISS (" _es. Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios") was created through a separate law. An innovative model of tariff regulation was borrowed from the Chilean electricity and telecommunications sector; efficient cost levels were estimated for an imaginary model company and used as a benchmark to set tariffs for the utilities. [cite web
last = Sjödin
first = Johanna
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977–1999
work =
publisher =
date = 2006
url = http://www.eclac.org/drni/noticias/documentosdetrabajo/9/28389/public_water_services_Chile_DRNI.pdf
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13, p. 17] Means-tested subsidies (i.e., subsidies that are granted only to those that have demonstrably limited means) were also introduced at the same time to cushion the effect of the tariff increase on the poor. The legal framework, with some modifications, is still in force today.

Initially, the regional companies remained public, but the intent was to prepare them for privatization. During that period, they achieved financial self-sufficiency, were granted tariff increases, improved their efficiency, and increased coverage.cite web
last = es icon World Health Organization (WHO)
first =
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Evaluación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento 2000 en las Américas - Chile - Antecedentes
work =
publisher =
date = 2000
url = http://www.cepis.ops-oms.org/eswww/eva2000/chile/informe/inf-02.htm
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13] The regional companies were also transformed into private law companies (" _es. Sociedades Anónimas"). Investments increased from less than US$ 80m annually on average during the 1980s [cite web
last = Sjödin
first = Johanna
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999
work =
publisher =
date = 2006
url = http://www.eclac.org/drni/noticias/documentosdetrabajo/9/28389/public_water_services_Chile_DRNI.pdf
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13, p. 25] to US$ 260m in 1998. However, regional utilities still did not have sufficient resources to expand wastewater treatment.

Under the government of Christian Democrat President Eduardo Frei, the law was amended in 1998 to promote private-sector participation. The stated motive was to increase efficiency, improve service quality, and mobilize capital to extend wastewater treatment. Subsequently, all regional branches of SENDOS, as well as the water and sanitation companies of Santiago and Valparaíso, were privatized. Staffing was further reduced, new complaints management procedures were introduced, and the share of collected wastewater treated increased significantly. [cite web
last = Sjödin
first = Johanna
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Determinants of the performance of public water services in Chile 1977-1999
work =
publisher =
date = 2006
url = http://www.eclac.org/drni/noticias/documentosdetrabajo/9/28389/public_water_services_Chile_DRNI.pdf
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13, p. 31] Contrary to the case of many other Latin American cities, where the private sector was asked to provide services, the Chilean service providers were financially self-sufficient when the private sector took responsibility for them. The public companies had been prepared to gradually improve efficiency and profitability since the legal reforms of 1988–90. This may explain the stable process of private sector participation compared to other Latin American cases. [For example, private water concessions in Buenos Aires, Argentina, many other cities in Argentina, as well as in , were terminated before their term expired.] A factor that explains the continuity of sector policies during various administrations is the fact that all presidents since Chile's return to democracy in 1990 belonged to the same Coalition of Parties for Democracy.

The privatization

The privatization was carried out in stages, beginning with the five largest of the 13 regional water companies serving more than 75% of users. Because of the staging, it is possible to compare the performance of the privatized and public utilities at that time. This comparison shows that from 1998 to 2001, private companies invested substantially more than public companies and—unlike the public companies—increased their labor productivity significantly. Tariffs increased for both types of companies, but more so for the privatized ones. However, according to one study, "...in Chile, a social consensus emerged that has made the higher water rates acceptable given the improvements in service quality and the addition of new services such as wastewater treatment." [cite web
last = Bitrán
first = Gabriel A.
authorlink =
coauthors = Valenzuela, Eduardo P.
title = Water Services in Chile. Comparing Private and Public Performance.
work =
publisher =
date = 2003
url = http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/publicpolicyjournal/255Bitra-031103.pdf
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13, p. 4]

The participation of the private sector occurred in two different ways. From 1998 to 2001—when the biggest companies were privatized—the majority of their shares were sold to the private actors. Since 2001, the government decided not to continue to sell parts of the companies but to transfer the operation rights of the companies to private actors for 30 years. This latter way of private sector participation, which is also known as concession, differs substantially from selling shares of the companies in that (i) the period of participation is limited to 30 years, and (ii) the infrastructure remains property of the Chilean state. All seven companies that were privatized in the second way merged in 2005, assuming the name ESSAN. [cite web
last = es icon Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS)
first =
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Water and sanitation sector report 2006
work =
publisher =
date = 2007
url = http://www.siss.cl/RepositorioSiss/Archivos/estu/Memoria%202006.pdf
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2008-02-13, p. 24-27]

The Socialist Presidents Ricardo Lagos (2000–06) and Michelle Bachelet (since 2006) maintained the basic institutional structure of the sector established under previous governments based on private service provision; means-targeted subsidies; and regulation by a public, autonomous regulator.

References

ee also

*Water supply and sanitation in Chile