Saalburg

The Saalburg is a Roman fort located on the Taunus ridge northwest of Bad Homburg, Hesse, Germany. It is a Cohort Fort belonging to the Limes Germanicus, the Roman linear border fortification of the German provinces. The Saalburg, located just off the main road roughly halfway between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim is the most completely reconstructed Roman fort in Germany. Since 2005, as part of the Upper German "limes", it forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage site [ [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430/multiple=1&unique_number=499 UNESCO World Heritage] ] . In the modern numbering system for the "limes", it is ORL 11.

History of Research

The earliest examinations of the site were undertaken from 1853 to 1862 by the Nassau Antiquarian Society under the direction of Friedrich Gustav Habel (1793–1867) [ [http://www.archaeologie.uni-koeln.de/forschung/projekt/Saalburg.htm Archäologisches Institut der Universität Köln] zur Forschungsgeschichte der Saalburg und zum Zustand des Saalburg-Archives.] . But the great impulse to provincial Roman archaeology in Germany came in 1892, when the "Reichs-Limes-Kommission" (the Imperial Commission for the Roman borders), then chaired by Theodor Mommsen began to research the course of the Limes Germanicus in its entirety, as well as the location of all its forts. In the course of this enormous project, not completed for decades, intensive exploration of the Saalburg and its surroundings was pursued by the archaeologists charged with this stretch of the "limes", Louis Jacobi (1836–1910) and his son and successor Heinrich Jacobi (1855–1946). In 1897, Kaiser Wilhelm II, following a suggestion by L. Jacobi, ordered the reconstruction of the Saalburg fort according to the detailed results of its excavation ["May the Roman fort on the height of Taunus, reerected, following Roman techniques as closely as possible, as a monument to past rulers' power and rich cultural influence, instil in its visitors an understanding of the character of past times, awaken their sense of history and inspire them to further research" " Quote from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm II on the occasion of laying the foundation stone for the principia, 11 October 1900 (from Hartwig Schmidt: "Wiederaufbau (Architekturreferat des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Denkmalpflege an archäologischen Stätten Band 2)". Theiss, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8062-0588-4, p. 216.] . As a result, the Saalburg became the most completely reconstructed fort on the entire "limes". It also houses the Saalburg Museum, one of the two most important institutions dedicated to the study of the German Limes (the other being the Limesmuseum of Aalen [Official website of the Aalen Limesmuseum [http://www.museen-aalen.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=13372&_bereich=1599] ] ). From 1967 to 1993, the museum was directed by the well-known archaeologist Dietwulf Baatz, whose many publications fostered a broad interest in provincial Roman archaeology well beyond specialist circles.

Location

Since prehistoric times, trade routes like the "Lindenweg" or "Linienweg" connected the Rhine-Main plain with the Usingen basin, which had been a centre of population since the Neolithic. Such routes would have followed a course from the mouth of the Nidda near Höchst, northwards across the low Taunus ridge, as does the modern Bundesstraße 456. A location along major communication routes almost always equals a strategic importance. Thus, it is no surprise that the mountain pass beside the Saalburg was first fortified by Roman troops during Domitian's wars against the Chatti (AD 81-96), when two simple earthen enclosures were erected ("Schanzen" A and B, located between the restored fort and the modern road).

The Fort

History

Shortly after the two enclosures, around AD 90, a simple wood-and-earth fort was built to house a "numerus". A "numerus" was a unit of auxiliary troops consisting of 2 "centurias" and numbering about 160 men. There is some evidence that the "numerus" stationed at this fort was a "numeros brittonum", ie a unit from Britain, but this is not entirely clear.

Late in the reign of Hadrian, circa AD 135, the "numerus" fort was replaced with a much larger (3.2 hectare) fort for a cohort, a unit of about 500 men. The new castle was reoriented to face the growing Roman city of Nida (now Heddernheim) [Georg Wolff: "Die südliche Wetterau in vor-und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit". (Mit einer archäologischen Fundkarte). Herausgegeben von der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Kaiserlichen Archäologischen Instituts, pp. 5, 6, 72, 73, 75, 78-80, 90, 95. Ravenstein, Frankfurt am Main 1913.] . Originally, it had dry-built wood-and stone walls, which were replaced in the 2nd half of the 2nd century with mortared stone walls and an earthen ramp (147 x 221 m). The reconstructed fort is based on that third and last architectural phase, but reminders of the second phase are visible in the "retentura" (the back of the fort). Part of the second-phase defensive ditch has also been restored and can be inspected there.

The cohort fort was occupied by the "Cohors II Raetorum civium Romanorum equitata" (2. partially mounted Raetian cohort with Roman citizenship), a partially equestrian 500-men infantry unit, probably under the command of the legionary headquarters at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) [Joachim von Elbe: "Unser römisches Erbe". Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1985. ISBN 3-524-65001-5] . The cohort had initially been stationed at "Aquae Mattiacorum" (Wiesbaden), had then been moved to the Butzbach fort (ORL 14) and finally to the Saalburg.

The fort existed in that form and with that occupancy until the fall of the German "limes" in circa AD 260. During the intervening period, the name of the unit is repeatedly mentioned in stone inscriptions, as are the names of some of its commanders.

In the early 3rd century, the situation along the limes became increasingly unsettled. A preventative war under Caracalla, who marched against the Alamanni and their Chatti allies from Raetia and Mogontiacum iin AD 213, lowered the Germanic pressure on the border only temporarily. The town of Nida (capital of the regional "civitas") was given a defensive enclosure around that time. Already around 233, the Alemanni entered Roman territory again; further major incursions took place in 254 and 260. Eventually, all areas east of the Rhine were lost during the major political and economic crisis of the mid 3rd century. In the course of these events, the Saalburg fort appears to have been abandoned deliberately and without military action.

After the abandonment of the Upper Germanic Limes, the fort was used as a quarry.

Archaeology, architecture

The Saalburg in its final architectural phase, ie in the form reconstructed today, as a cohort fort typical for this part of the limes, a 147 by 221 m rectangle with 4 gates.

The 3.25 m interior was enclosed by a double ditch and a mortared defensive wall; its external face was whitewashed and painted with a trompe l'oeil pattern of ashlar blocks. On the inside, an earthen ramp was placed along the length of the wall, to enable defenders to access the top. The corners were rounded and not crowned with towres, but all four gates were flanked by two towers each.

The fort was oriented in such a way that its main gate, or "porta praetoria" faced south-south-east, that is away from the "limes" but towards Nida. The central structure of the fort was a large "principia", a central plaza surrounded by housing or offices for the higher officers, which was flanked by a roofed hall for assemblies of the fort's garrison. The "praetentura" (front part of the fort) contained the "praetorium" (the fort commander's residence) to the west of the "via praetoria", and a large "horreum" (grain store) to its east. The rest of the fort's interior, today a park-like area of grass and trees, should be visualised as packed with further buildings: stables, magazines, workshops and, of course, the actual troop quarters, subdivided into contubernia. Two such troop barracks have been reconstructed in the southeast part of the fort. For the general arrangement and terminology of Roman fort architecture, see Castra.

Vicus

The Saalburg is not only the most consistently reconstructed "limes" fort, it is also the only one to have had its vicus (adjacent civilian settlement) partially excavated and preserved. The parts of the vicus visible today are located mostly to the south of the fort, on both sides of the road that linked it with Nida, the regional capital and base of further garrison behind the border.

The village begins immediately outside the main gate, where the ruins of a mansio (an official hostel) and, behind it, of a bath for the soldiers were found. These are followed along the road by the preserved basements and foundations (partially reconstructed) of residential houses and of a mithraeum, a shrine to the Mithras, a deity popular among the Roman army.

The fort's bath was relatively large and quite elaborately designed to have all the main features of Roman Thermae. It has an "apodyterium" (changing room), a "frigidarium" (cold bath), two "tepidaria" (lukewarm baths', a "caldarium" (hot bath) and a "sudatorium" (sauna). The complex was heated from the "praefurnia" (firing places); and all rooms except the "apodyterium" and "frigidarium" were served by a hypocaust system (underfloor and wall heating).

Archaeologists assume that the overall complex (fort and vicus) housed a population of up to 2,000 (500 soldiers, 1,500 civilians).

Saalburg Museum

Although the Saalburg is mainly known as an archaeological park and museum, it also serves a number of scientific functions less obvious to the visitor.

The most striking features for the modern visitor are the fully reconstructed walls and gates, the "principia" with its "aedes" (shrine containing the "signa militaria" or standards), the assembly hall, the "horreum" (provisions store), the two barracks buildings with their reconstructed interior "contubernia" and the partially rebuilt "praetorium".

The "horreum" contains an informative exhibition, focusing on cultural, historical, architectural, and military aspects of Roman Germania. The museum exhibits a large collection of well preserved military and domestic equipment from the Saalburg and other sites in the area, as well as a series of architectural and terrain models.

Beyond this, the Saalburg has, since its reerection, also functioned as an internationally renowned centre of research, concerned with provincial Roman archaeology in general, and the "limes" in particular. The heart of this centre is a specialised library of 30,000 volumes and 2,200 slides. The "Saalburgmuseum" regularly organises colloquia and has its own series of academic publications.

Since the 1980s, the Saalburg is also the venue of occasional Classical concerts.

Surroundings

Only about 200 m north of the "porta decumana" (back gate), the "limes" runs by in a west-easterly direction [ [http://www.taunus-wetterau-limes.de/abschnt2.htm Taunus-Wetterau-Limes - Limesabschnitte (Taunus 2) ] ] . Part of the border defense (ditch, bank and palisade) has been reconstructed here.

As along most of its extent in the Taunus area, the "limes" near the Saalburg is remarkably well preserved and can be easily followed through the landscape. Ditch and bank are distinctly visible for long stretches, and many of the former watch towers have been partially preserved or are visible as small mounds. Thus, the Saalburg is a good starting point for further exploration of the "'limes".

The Saalburg in the context of the local limes""' between the "Kleinkastelle" (small forts) of Heidenstock to the southwest and Lochmühle to the northeast:

Near the Saalburg, a copy of the "Jupitersäule" (a type of painted tall sandstone stele dedicated to Jupiter and common in the German provinces) of Mainz has been erected [Fritz Quilling: "Die Juppitersäule des Samus und Severus. Das Denkmal in Mainz und seine Nachbildung auf der Saalburg". Engelmann, Leipzig 1918.] .

Saalburgbahn

The reerection of the fort in the late 19th and early 20th century led to a surge of interest by the local population, including visitors using the spa at Bad Homburg. To provide comfortable access, the Bad Homburg tram company constructed a direct rail link, the "Saalburgbahn". After a pre-World War I flourish, the company was badly affected by post-war inflation and a massive drop of visitor numbers to the spa. Eventually, the service was closed; scanty traces of its embankment and the (closed) station remain [Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund/FVV-Informationen Nr. 1] .

Today, the fort can be reached by an hourly bus link from Bad Homburg.

References

Literature

* Dietwulf Baatz: "Saalburg (Taunus)". In: Die Römer in Hessen. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-58-9
* Dietwulf Baatz: "Der Römische Limes. Archäologische Ausflüge zwischen Rhein und Donau". Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0
* Margot Klee: "Die Saalburg". Theiss, Stuttgart 1995. (Führer zur hessischen Vor- und Frühgeschichte 5), ISBN 3-8062-1205-8
* Margot Klee: "Der Limes zwischen Rhein und Main". Theiss, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0276-1
* Anne Johnson: "Römische Kastelle des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Britannien und in den germanischen Provinzen des Römerreiches." Zabern, Mainz 1987. (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, Vol. 37), ISBN 3-8053-0868-X
* Egon Schallmayer (ed.): "Hundert Jahre Saalburg. Vom römischen Grenzposten zum europäischen Museum." Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2359-X
* Heinrich Jacobi: Kastell Nr. 11 Saalburg, Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Römerreiches, Series B, Vol. II, Frankfurt 1937 (the original publication of the excavation).
*Since 1910 (with interruptions), a Saalburg Annual ("Saalburg Jahrbuch") with scholarly articles on provincial Roman archaeology is published. More than 50 volumes exist.
*Since 1995, the"Saalburg-Schriften" present archaeological studies to a popular audience.

External links

* [http://www.saalburgmuseum.de Saalburg Museum Website]
* [http://www.deutsche-limeskommission.de/de/home/orte_am_limes/obergermanischer_limes_hessen/13_saalburg.html Saalburg on the Limes Commission homepage]
* [http://www.limesstrasse.de/Saalburg/default.htm Relevant page on German Limes Route page]
* [http://www.taunus-wetterau-limes.de/index2.htm Saalburg on a private Limes page]

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