Empire of Japan (foreign commerce and shipping)

During the Empire of Japan and up to 1945, Japan was dependent on imported foods and raw materials for industry. At the time, Japan had one of the largest merchant fleets in the world with a total of approximately 6 million tonnes of displacement before December 1941 [cite book | last = Murray | first = Williamson | coauthors = Allan Reed Millett | title = A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War | publisher = Harvard University Press | date = 2000 | pages = 39| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tdYkMPfUSUAC&pg=PA39&dq=japan+merchant+fleet+1941&as_brr=3&sig=MJBnaPR1T-FNeIWiX_KBLCmE4VQ | isbn = 0674006801] . Despite heavy naval losses during the Pacific War, Japan was still left with 4,700,000 tonnes.

Trade

Despite popular perception, during the 1930s Japan was exporting low-cost items successfullycite book
last = Hunter | first = Janet | title = Japanese economic history 1930-1960 | publisher = Routledge | date = | pages = 2-15 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pgqG1GdAqdIC&pg=RA1-PA10&dq=japanese+exports+grew+1930&as_brr=3&sig=WmT9W-eRLsJYBPzLB5Qe03g-HmA#PRA1-PA9,M1 | isbn = 0415218152] . However, between the years of 1929 and 1938 foreign commerce dropped from 3.7% to 3.5%. Japan ran a trade deficit, selling a total of US$12.85 and buying US$15.25 per capita. This was in part brought on by the purchase of wartime materials.

Japan's primary trading partners in order were:

*United States
*Manchukuo
*Wang Jingwei Government
*Mengchiang
*Chinese occupied lands
*India
*England
*Dutch Indies

Japan exported 32% of its total output to the United States, and purchased 21% of its foreign trade.

Japan's imports were as follows:
*32% - cotton
*9% - wool
*9% - iron
*6% - petroleum
*4% - machinery
*3% - soybeans
*2% - wheat

Japan's exports were as follows:
*19% - wool articles
*15% - silk
*15% - rayon
*3% - machinery

Japan's primary exports were silk, controlling 80% of the world's production, and tea, controlling 10%.

Japan's total foreign trade was equivalent to Belgium, a country with less than 10% of Japan's population.

In 1897, the local monetary unit, the yen, was valued on the gold standard at a base level of 24.5 British Pence, which permits the use in the figures of the pound sterling or gold-backed US dollars.

(1 Yen = 24.5 British Penny or 10.8 Yen = 1 British Guinea = 1.05 Pounds Sterling)

In 1925, external trade was equivalent of 404 French francs per inhabitant (the nominal monetary value of the Yen at the time was 12.72 Frs., with exchange variations between 13.60 in 1918 to 10.46 during 1925.) In 1926, the general value of exports was 2,045 million Yen, the imports 2,377 millionYen. During 1927, numbers were slightly down at 1,992 million of Yen in sellings and 2,179 in buyings.

Other Japanese statistics (1900 to 1925) in thousands of Yen (one Yen equalled 5 Spanish pesetas in 1925)

The total of these exports in the same years:

*1900: 600
*1905: 500
*1910: 700
*1915: 2,000
*1920: 2,200
*1925: 2,400

Chosen's exports

More than 90% of Chosen's exterior commerce was with Japan and Manchukuo. In 1939, Chosen was importing $300,000,000 worth of goods and exporting $250,000,000 worth of goods, a deficit which continued for years.

The principal articles for export were:
*Rice
*Silk
*Soybeans
*Wolfram (Tungsten)
*Graphite
*Gold
*Chemical products

The principal imports were:
*Petroleum
*Metallic products
*Machinery and Trucks
*Sugar
*Rye
*Maize

More than 16,000,000 tonnes of merchant vessels entered the province in 1936 via Fusan, the fourth largest port in the Japanese Empire.

Japanese industry and commerce became focused on export and foreign sales, and the local markets unsatisfied because of low demand.

Formosa's exports: (1929 to 1933)

*Rice: 20%
*Sugar: 55%
*Tropical fruits: 5%
*Camphor (processed or raw state): 2%
*Oolong and other types of tea: 2%
*Minerals (processed or raw state): 5%

Other Japanese foreign investments in Asia (pre-WWII)

Japanese companies had invested 18,560,000 Yen in the Dutch East Indies (Sumatra and Borneo) and some 51,195,000 Yen in rubber plantations in the British Straits Settlements (British Malaya) (260 km² in major production from 1927).

Japanese capital investment in China to 1927 was 1900 million Yen. Apart from Manchuria, the Japanese interests were concentrated in the Yangtze Basin areas (Shanghai, Hankow-Wuhan, Kiangsi). Japanese banking interests financed 50% of the Chinese cotton industry sector.

Naval construction

In 1893 naval construction was in the range 177,000 to 1,528,000 tons. In 1913 this increased to 3,565,000 tons. In 1924 there were 237 new vessels of 500 tons and another 11 of 10,000 tonnes, continuing the growth to 4,140,000 tonnes in 1928. The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest in the world behind the British and American navies, and dominated the West Pacific area before the war. The first modern shipyard was founded in 1891. From this time naval construction rapidly advanced. Japanese vessels of more 100 tonnes represented a registered tonnage total of 5,007,000 tonnes of which 1,198,000 corresponded to the naval construction period of 1936 to 1938. Old vessels were decommissioned or disarmed, while the regular fleet was efficient and modern.

In peace time Japan constructed a lower annual figure of 500,000 tonnes of shipping. Japan still rivalled Norway for third place in the world merchant fleet. Its vessels were of lower quality. Almost 1,000,000 tonnes were of the modern type, but the larger part of the current fleet was antiquated, with only half-a-dozen vessels of tonnage over 10,000 tonnes.

References