Adolph Wagner

:"This concerns the German economist; for the Nazi official, see Adolf Wagner."Infobox_Scientist
name = Adolph Wagner

|300px
image_width = 300px
caption =
birth_date = birth date|1835|3|25|mf=y
birth_place = Erlangen
death_date = death date and age|1917|11|8|1835|3|25|mf=y
death_place = Berlin
nationality =
field = Economics
work_institution = University of Berlin University of Dorpat University of Freiburg
alma_mater = Göttingen Heidelberg
doctoral_advisor = Johann Karl Rodbertus Robert von Mohl
doctoral_students = Werner Sombart Lujo Brentano (Habilitation)
known_for = Wagner's Law
prizes =
religion = Lutheranism

Adolph Wagner (March 25, 1835 - November 8, 1917) was a German economist and politician, a leading "Kathedersozialist" and public finance scholar; Wagner's Law of increasing state activity is named after him.

Biography

Born in Erlangen as the son of a university professor, the physiologist Rudolf Wagner, Adolph studied economics at the University of Göttingen, receiving a doctorate in 1857. Wagner’s academic career took him first to the Merchants’ Superior School, Vienna (1858-1863), then – after failing to secure a chair at the University of Vienna because of disagreements over fiscal policy with Lorenz von Stein – to the Hamburg Higher Merchants’ School (1863-1865), both institutions comparable to business schools today. In 1865, he took the chair of Ethnography, Geography, and Statistics (in reality an economics professorship) at the University of Dorpat in Livonia.

In Dorpat (Tartu), Wagner "became a follower of Bismarck’s policy for unifying Germany under Prussian guidance. (Rubner, 435) Thus, when German unification became realistic, Wagner wanted to go back to Germany proper – a general attitude of Baltic Germans. Beginning Fall Term 1868/69, Wagner therefore took over the Chair of the Cameralistic subjects (roughly, state management) at the Badensian University of Freiburg im Breisgau, and very soon afterwards, in 1870, the Chair of "Staatswissenschaften" at the University of Berlin, by that time not only the premier university in Germany but probably in the world. It was in Berlin that Wagner unfolded his tenure as one of the intellectually and politically most influential economists of his time. A former student of him, Werner Sombart, was his successor at the economics chair of the University of Berlin.

Wagner was an early member of the anti-semitic Christian Social Party, founded in 1878 by Adolf Stoecker as the "Christlichsoziale Arbeiterpartei" (Christian Social Workers' Party).

Wagner died in Berlin in 1917.

Work

Wagner is the main protagonist of a specific school of economics and social policy, called "State Socialism" ("Staatssozialismus"), which is a specific form of "Kathedersozialismus". (Albert Schäffle (1831-1903) and Karl Rodbertus(-Jagetzow) (1805-1875) were important protagonists of that thought as well.) He was emphatically not a member of the Historical School, however, which so many of his colleagues – such as Gustav von Schmoller and Lujo Brentano – were.

Character

Wagner was a very combative and harsh personality who did not take insults lightly and who never phrased things diplomatically. As was mentioned, he had difficulties with Schmoller and was an enemy of Lujo Brentano – and these two were about his closest colleagues. It is by all contemporary accounts probably fair to say that Wagner must have been vain, easily hurt, and extremely choleric. In the 1890s, Wagner would so enrage an industrial-conservative member of the "Reichstag", likewise with a defense of the "Kathedersozialist" influence within the University, that that deputy challenged him to a duel. Wagner did not categorically refuse, but it was never fought.) An even more famous case was Wagner’s altercation with Eugen Dühring (against whom Friedrich Engels' "Anti-Dühring" is directed), and which in the very end resulted in Dühring's remotion and dismissal from the University of Berlin.

Life

Together with Gustav von Schmoller, Adolph Wagner belongs to the most important economists of the Bismarck period. He was a member of the "Verein für Socialpolitik" (Society for Social Policy).

Wagner formulated the Law of Increasing State Spending.

His works have prepared the development of the monetary and credit system in Germany and substantially influenced the central bank policy and financial practice before World War I.

Key Publications

By Wagner

*Wagner, Adolph (1864). "Die Gesetzmässigkeit in den scheinbar willkührlichen menschlichen Handlungen vom Standpunkte der Statistik." Hamburg: Boyes & Geisler.
*Wagner, Adolph (1866). "Beiträge zur Finanzstatistik des Schulwesens in den Städten des Ostseegouvernements Livland, Kurland und Esthland." Dorpat: "Als Manuscript gedruckt. / Druck von C. Matthiesen".
*Wagner, Adolph (1866). "Die auswärtige Politik Rußlands und ihre Bedeutung für Preußen." "Preußische Jahrbücher", vol. 18, no. 6 (December), pp. 657-692.
*Wagner, Adolph (1867). "Statistik." In "Deutsches Staats-Wörterbuch", vol. 10. Leipzig: Expedition des Staats-Wörterbuchs, pp. 400-481.
*Wagner, Adolph (1868). "Die russische Papierwährung". Riga: Kymmel.
*Wagner, Adolph (1870). "Die Abschaffung des privaten Grundeigenthums". Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
*Wagner, Adolph (1892). "Grundlegung der politischen Ökonomie". Part 1, vol. 1. 3rd edn. Leipzig: Winter.
*Wagner, Adolph (1895). "Die akademische Nationalökonomie und der Socialismus". Berlin: Julius Becker.
*Wagner, Adolph (1900). "Allgemeine und theoretische Volkswirtschaftslehre oder Sozialökonomik. (Theoretische National-Oekonomie.)". Berlin: "Als Manuskript gedruckt."
*Wagner, Adolph (1902). "Agrar- und Industriestaat. Die Kehrseite des Industriestaats und die Rechtfertigung agrarischen Zollschutzes mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Bevölkerungsfrage." 2nd edn. Jena: Fischer.
*Wagner, Adolph (1904). "Die finanzielle Mitbeteiligung der Gemeinden an kulturellen Staatseinrichtungen und die Entwickelung der Gemeindeeinnahmen."Jena: Fischer.
*Wagner, Adolph (1916). "Staatsbürgerliche Bildung." Berlin: Verlag "Bodenreform".
*Wagner, Adolph (1948). "Finanzwissenschaft und Staatssozialismus". August Skalweit, ed. Frankfurt/Main: Klostermann. In English:
*Wagner, Adolph (1939). "Speech on the Social Question" (abridged), in Donald O. Wagner, ed. "Social Reformers. Adam Smith to John Dewey." New York: Macmillan, pp. 489-506.Letters etc.:
*Wagner, Adolph (1978). "Briefe - Dokumente - Augenzeugenberichte, 1851-1917". Heinrich Rubner, ed. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

About Wagner in English

*Backhaus, Jürgen G. (1997), ed. "Essays in Social Security and Taxation. Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner Reconsidered." Marburg: Metropolis. (Contains much of the best recent research on Wagner in English)
*Wright, H.R.C. (1993). "Adolph Wagner and the Plural Society." "The South African Journal of Economics", vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 59-66.
*cite journal|author=Evalyn A. Clark|title=Adolf Wagner: From National Economist to National Socialist|year=1940|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=55|issue=3|pages=378–411|doi=10.2307/2144096

Persondata
NAME= Wagner, Adolph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= German economist
DATE OF BIRTH= March 25 1867
PLACE OF BIRTH= Erlangen
DATE OF DEATH= November 8 1917
PLACE OF DEATH= Berlin