Khmu people

ethnic group
group=Khmu


poptime= 541,000 (est.)
popplace=Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, China
rels=Animism, Theravada Buddhism, Christianity
langs=Khmu, others
related=

The Khmu or Khammu is one of the largest ethnic groups based in northern Laos. They can also be found in Myanmar, southwest China (in the Sipsong Panna in Yunnan province), Thailand, and Vietnam, where they are an officially recognized ethnic group. In the People's Republic of China, however, they are not given official recognition as a separate ethnic group, and are instead placed under the broad category undistinguished nationalities.

Geographic distribution

The Khmu (also referred to as Khamu or Kammu) were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. There are more than 500,000 Khmu around the world, with populations of 450,000 in Laos, 43,000 in Vietnam, 10,000 in Thailand, 10,000 in China, and 8,000 in the United States. The Khmu of Laos reside mainly within the Luang Prabang and Xieng Khouang Provinces. The Khmu of Thailand are clustered near the Thailand-Laos border. [http://www.infomekong.com/khmu.htm Khmu Profile] ] Most Khmu villages are isolated, and only slowly receiving electricity. In many areas the Khmu live alongside the Hmong and other regional minority ethnic groups. A large number of Khmu live in Richmond, California, having come as refugees from the Vietnam War. California is home to both the Khmu National Federation, Inc., and the Kmhmu Catholic National Center. [http://khmunationalfed.org/index.shtml Khmu National Federation, Inc.] ] [http://kmhmu-catholic.org/ Kmhmu Catholic National Center] ] Most Khmu in Thailand arrived recently from Laos and Vietnam as refugees, also around the outset of the Vietnam War. The Khmu, however, are closely related to the Mlabri, the indigenous "yellow leaf people" of Thailand.

Origin

The Khmu are a subdivision of the greater Khmuic peoples who are aboriginal to Laos and surrounding areas.

Language

Their language, in the Khmuic language family, is also called Khmu.

ociety

The Khmu are an agricultural society, although gathering, hunting, trapping and fishing are parts of the Khmu lifestyle. Khmu crops include rice, corn, bananas, sugar cane and a variety of vegetables. [http://www.infomekong.com/khmu.htm Khmu Profile] ] Most of the agricultural work in Khmu villages is done communally, so as to combine the strength and finish the work quickly. Harvesting of wild rice is generally performed by the village women."The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] Rice is stored outside the village in elevated structures to protect from mice and rats. [http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html Facts about the Khmu people] ] Khmu elders are traditionally the most important people of the village, and are responsible for resolving all village disputes."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] Village leaders included the shaman (knowledgable in spiritual medicine), the medicine man (knowledgable in herbal medicine), the priest (based on family lineage of priesthood), and the village headman (in modern times chosen by the Laotian government)."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] . Laotian Khmu communities generally have localized justice systems administered by the village elders."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross]

Culture

Khmu culture is traditionally passed down by the recital of stories around evening fires."The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] The story-telling sessions involve the sharing of silver pipes (originally opium, but now predominately tobacco). [http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html Facts about the Khmu people] ] "The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] Some Khmu are heavily tattooed for both decorative and religious reasons. [http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html Facts about the Khmu people] ] "The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] In Laos, Khmu are reputed for practicing magic, and some families still engage in the casting of spells and telling of fortunes."The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] According to the animistic practices of the Khmu, reverence is offered to the house spirit "Rroi gang"."The Khmu Rok People of Laos" by John Walsh, Shinawatra International University, March 2005] Villagers believe that a Khmu house, village, and its surroundings are integrated with the spirits of the land, and so houses and villages are considered holy or ritualized spaces. Typically, entire Khmu villages are enclosed in fences with three or four gates which separate the Khmu from their granaries and barns."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] Altars are placed outside the perimeter to ward off fires and storms."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] In the past, each Khmu family was believed to be under the protection of a totem such as a boar or an eagle who had originally helped an ancestor and would continue to protect the family. Traditional Khmu homes had two rooms, one for unmarried girls and one for the rest of the family."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] Roofs of houses covered with wooden tiles or thatch. [http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html Facts about the Khmu people] ] Khmu cemeteries are traditionally divided into four sections; one for natural deaths, one for accidental deaths, one for children, and one for those who died away from home."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] The Khmu do not generally believe in rebirth."Community Portrait: Khmu", Miriam Gross] Traditional Khmu animism puts emphasis on the concept of taboo, as villagers believe that violations of taboo result in vengeance of spirits. Forbidden activities include touching the altars or the amulets representing the house's spirit, birth ceremonies for children born feet-first, and entering a house without permission. [http://www.greendiscoverylaos.com/travelinfo/facts/khmu.html Facts about the Khmu people] ]

References