Salix babylonica

Taxobox
name = "Salix babylonica"
status =

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = Peking Willows planted at Shijiazhuang, south of Beijing, China
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Malpighiales
familia = Salicaceae
genus = "Salix"
species = "S. babylonica"
binomial = "Salix babylonica"
binomial_authority = L.

"Salix babylonica" (Peking Willow or Babylon Willow) is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the silk road to southwest Asia and Europe.Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005760 "Salix babylonica"] ] Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32683 "Salix babylonica"] ]

Description

It is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree, growing up to 20-25 m tall. It grows rapidly, but has a short lifespan. The shoots are yellowish-brown, with small buds. The leaves are spirally arranged, narrow, light green, 4-16 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with finely serrate margins and long acuminate tips ; they turn a gold-yellow in autumn. The flowers are arranged in catkins produced early in the spring; it is dioecious, with the male and female catkins on separate trees.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). "New RHS Dictionary of Gardening". Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.]

Many botanists, notably the Russian willow expert Alexey Skvortsov, treat the Chinese Willow "Salix matsudana" as a synonym of "Salix babylonica"; it is also native to northern China. The only reported difference between the two is that "S. matsudana" has two nectaries in each female flower, whereas "S. babylonica" has only one; however, this character is variable in many willows (e.g., Crack Willow "Salix fragilis" can have either one or two), so even this difference may not be significant.Bean, W. J. (1980). "Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles" 8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2428-8.]

Cultivation and uses

Peking Willow is a popular ornamental tree in northern China, and is also grown for wood production and shelterbelts there, being particularly important around the oases of the Gobi Desert, protecting agricultural land from desert winds.

It has also been introduced into many other areas, but has not generally been successfully cultivated outside China, being very short-lived and unsightly due to canker diseases in the more humid climates in much of Europe and North America. It is particularly susceptible to canker disease, Willow Anthracnose ("Marssonina salicicola") and sensitive to late-spring frosts.Meikle, R. D. (1984). "Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland". BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.]

Weeping Willows

Early Chinese cultivar selections include the original Weeping Willow "Salix babylonica" 'Pendula', in which the branches and twigs are strongly pendulous. However, most Weeping Willows outside China are hybrids between this cultivar, and either White Willow "Salix alba" ("Salix × sepulcralis" Simonk.) or Crack Willow "Salix fragilis" ("Salix × pendulina" Wenderoth), which are better adapted to the more humid climates of most heavily populated regions of Europe and North America. The most widely grown Weeping Willow cultivar is "Salix × sepulcralis" 'Chrysocoma', with bright yellowish shoots.

Etymology

The scientific name "babylonica" derives from a misunderstanding by Linnaeus that it was the tree described in the Bible in Psalm 137, "By the rivers of Babylon, ... hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof ...". However, the tree named "gharab" in early Hebrew, is now known as "Populus euphratica".

References