Hayashi Razan

Infobox Writer
name = Hayashi Razan

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caption = Hayashi is considered the 1st rector of Yushima Seidō.
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birthdate = 1583
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deathdate = March 7, 1657
deathplace = Edo
occupation = Neo-Confucian scholar, academic, administrator, writer
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subject = Japanese history, literature
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children = Hayashi Gahō, son
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Hayashi Razan (林羅山, 1583 – March 7 1657), also known as Hayashi Dōshun, [Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). "Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869," p. 418.] was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four shoguns of the Tokugawa "bakufu". He is also attributed with first listing the Three Views of Japan. Razan was the founder of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars.

Razan was an influential scholar, teacher and administrator. Together with his sons and grandsons, he is credited with establishing the official neo-Confucian doctrine of the Tokugawa shogunate. Razan's emphasis on the values inherent in a static conservative perspective provided the intellectual underpinnings for the notion that Edo bakufu. Razan also reinterpreted Shinto, and thus created a foundation for the development of Confucianised Shinto which developed in the 20th century.

The intellectual foundation of Razan's life's work was based on early studies with Fujiwara no Seika (1561-1619), the first Japanese scholar who is known for a close study of Confucius and the Confucian commentators. This "kuge" noble had become a Buddhist priest; but Seika's dissatisfaction with the philosophy and doctrines of Buddhism led him to a study of Confucianism. In due course, Seika drew other similarly motivated scholars to join him in studies which were greatly influenced by the work of Chinese Neo-Confucianist Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi), a Sung period savant. [Ponsonby-Fane, R. (1956). "Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869," p. 418.] Zhu Xi and Seikwa emphasized the role of the individual as a functionary of a society which naturally settles into a certain hierarchical form. He separated people into four distinct classes: samurai (ruling class), farmers, artisans and merchants.

Academician

Razan developed a compelling, practical blending of Shinto and Confucian beliefs and practices. This coherent construct of inter-related ideas lent themselves to a well-accepted program of samurai and bureaucrat educational, training and testing protocols. In 1607, Hayashi was accepted as a political adviser to the second shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada.

Razan became the rector of Edo’s Confucian Academy, the Shōhei-kō (afterwards known at the Yushima Seidō) which was built on land provided by the shogun. This institution stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained by the Tokugawa shogunate. Razan had the honorific title "Daigaku-no kami," which became hereditary in his family. It also happened that the position as head of the Seidō became hereditary in the Hayashi family. "Daigaku-no-kami", in the context of the Tokugawa shogunate hierarchy, effectively translates as "Head of the State University. [2] [Ponsonby-Fane, p. 418.]

In the elevated context his father engendered, Hayashi Gahō (formerly Harukatsu), worked on editing a chronicle of Japanese emperors compiled in conformance with his father's principles. "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" grew into a seven-volume text which was completed in 1650. Gahō himself was accepted as a noteworthy scholar in that period; but the Hayashi and the Shōhei-kō links to the work’s circulation are part of the explanation for this work's 18th and 19th century popularity. Contemporary readers must have found some degree of usefulness in this summary drawn from historical records.

The narrative of "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" stops around 1600, most likely in deference to the sensibilities of the Tokugawa regime. Gahō's text did not continue up through his present day; but rather, he terminated the chronicles just before the last pre-Tokugawa ruler. This book was published in the mid-17th century and it was reissued in 1803, "perhaps because it was a necessary reference work for officials." [Screech, "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822." p. 65.]

Razan's successor as the Tokugawa's chief scholar was his third son, Gahō. After Razan's death, Gahō finished work his father had begun, including a number of other works designed to help readers learn from Japan's history. In 1670, the Hayashi family's scholarly reputation was burnished when Gahō published the 310 volumes of "The Comprehensive History of Japan" (本朝通鑑/ほんちょうつがん,"Honchō-tsugan"). [Brownlee, John. (1999). "Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing," p. 120]

Razan's writings were compiled, edited and posthumously published by Hayshi Gahō and his younger brother, Hayashi Dokkōsai (formerly Morikatsu):
* "Hayashi Razan bunshū" ("The Collected Works fo Hayashi Razan"), reissued in 1918
* "Razan sensei isshū" ("Master Razan's Poems"), reissued in 1921

Razan's grandson, Hayashi Hōkō (formerly Nobuatsu) would head the Yushima Seidō and he would bear the inherited title "Daigaku-no kami." Hōkō's progeny would continue the work begun in the 18th century by the scholarly Hayashi patriarch.

Political Theorist

As a political theorist, Hayashi "Daigaku-no-kami" Razan lived to witness his philosophical and pragmatic reasoning become a foundation for the dominant ideology of the "bakufu" until the end of the 18th century. This evolution developed in part from Razan's equating samurai with the cultured governing class (although the samurai were largely illiterate at the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate. Razan helped to legitimize the role of the militaristic "bakufu" at the beginning of its existence. His philosophy is also important in that it encouraged the samurai class to cultivate themselves, a trend which would become increasingly widespread over the course of his lifetime and beyond. Razan's aphorism encapsulates this view::::"No true learning without arms and no true arms without learning." [Blomberg, Catherina. (1999). "The Heart of the Warrior," p. 158.] Hayashi Razan and his family would have played a significant role is helping to crystallize the theoretical underpinnings of the Tokugawa regime.

In January 1858, it would be Hayashi Akira, the hereditary "Daigaku-no-kami" descendant of Hayashi Razan who would head the bakufu delegation which sought advice from the emperor in deciding how to deal with newly assertive foreign powers. [Cullen, L.M. (2003). "A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds," p. 178 n11.] This would have been the first time the Emperor's counsel was actively sought since the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The most easily identified consequence of this transitional overture would be the increased numbers of messengers which were constantly streaming back and forth between Tokyo and Kyoto during the next decade. There is no small irony in the fact that this 19th century scholar/bureaucrat would find himself at a crucial nexus of managing political change -- moving arguably "by the book" through uncharted waters with well-settled theories as the only guide. [Ponsonby-Fane, p. 324.]

Notes

References

* Brownlee, John S. (1997) "Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600-1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu." Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0644-3 Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 4-13-027031-1
*Brownlee, John S. (1991). "Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712)." Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-889-20997-9
*Blomberg, Catherina. (1994). "The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai in Feudal Japan." London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 1-873410-06-9
* Cullen, L.M. (2003). "A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82115-X (cloth) ISBN 0-521-529918-2 (paper)
*Keene, Donald. (1999). "Travelers of a Hundred Ages: The Japanese as Revealed through 1,000 Years of Diaries." New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11437-0
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). "Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869." Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
* Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
* Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650-16751" in "Early Modern Japan," (Fall 2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

ee also

* Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)

External links

* [http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=357&pID=1187#bridge Tokyo's "Shōhei-kō" (Yushima Sedō) today]
* East Asia Institute, University of Cambridge: [http://www.oriental.cam.ac.uk/jbib/edoint2.html Further reading/bibliography]