- Neil Ritchie
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Neil Methuen Ritchie
General Ritchie as commander of XII Corps in FranceBorn 29 July 1897
British Guiana (modern Guyana)Died 11 December 1983 (aged 86)
Toronto, CanadaAllegiance United Kingdom Service/branch British Army Years of service 1914-1951 Rank General Unit Black Watch Commands held 51st (Highland) Division
Eighth Army
52nd (Lowland) Division
XII Corps
Scottish Command
Far East Land ForcesBattles/wars - Western Front
- Mesopotamian campaign
Awards Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire[1]
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath[2]
Distinguished Service Order[3]
Military Cross[4]
Legion of Merit[5]
Knight Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords[6]
Virtuti Militari, Fifth Class (Poland)[7]Other work Chairman of an insurance company.
Colonel of the Black Watch (1950 - )[8]General Sir Neil Methuen Ritchie GBE, KCB, DSO, MC, KStJ (29 July 1897 - 11 December 1983) was a senior British army officer during the Second World War.
Contents
Military career
Following Lancing and Sandhurst, Ritchie's military career started in 1914 when he was commissioned as an officer in the Black Watch. During the First World War he served in France, where he won the Distinguished Service Order in 1917, and in the Mesopotamian campaign where he won the Military Cross in 1918, for "a fine example of coolness, courage and utter disregard of danger".[4]
By the start of the Second World War Ritchie had risen to the rank of brigadier, and was involved in the evacuation of Dunkirk. He held posts on the staffs of Wavell, Alanbrooke and Auchinleck and was highly regarded by them all. It was Auchinleck who was to give him his highest field command, the Eighth Army, in November 1941, following the dismissal of Lt-Gen. Alan Cunningham from that position.
Ritchie had the bad luck to hold his highest command during the earliest phases of the war, when British fortunes were at their lowest ebb. The Eighth Army, in North Africa, were the only British land force engaging the Germans anywhere in the world. After some early successes against the Italians the British were pushed back following the arrival of the Afrika Korps under Rommel. Ritchie was originally intended as a temporary appointment until a suitable commander could be found, but in fact ended up commanding the Eighth Army for over six months. He was in command of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Gazala in May–June 1942 where Ritchie failed to exercise strong command over the army and the British were heavily defeated, losing the port of Tobruk. He was sacked by Auchinleck on 25 June 1942 prior to the first battle of El Alamein.
Auchinleck is often seen as having appointed Ritchie, a relatively junior commander, in order to allow him to closely direct the battle himself as Commander-in-Chief Middle-East. Ritchie was criticised heavily both during and after the war for his failure to stop Rommel. Since then several commentators have come to his defence, most notably Field Marshal Lord Carver.
After being replaced as Eighth Army commander Ritchie was appointed to command the 52nd Division in Britain and later XII Corps during the D-Day landings and the campaign in Europe. The fact that Ritchie regained an active command following his dismissal, unlike his Eighth Army predecessor, Lt-Gen. Cunningham, reflects the high esteem in which he was held by the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Alanbrooke.
After the war Ritchie remained in the Army becoming General Officer Commanding Scottish Command and Governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1945 and General Officer Commanding Far East Land Forces, in 1947.[9]
From December 1948 until retirement from the army he held the ceremonial appointment of Aide-de-Camp General to the King[10] and from September 1950 he was colonel of the Black Watch,[8] his old regiment. Following his retirement he emigrated to Canada where he became a director of the Canadian subsidiary of Tanqueray Gordon & Co. and in 1954 became chairman of the Mercantile & General Reinsurance Co. of Canada. He died at the age of 86 in Toronto.
Honours and decorations
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire 7 June 1951 (KBE 5 July 1945, CBE 11 July 1940)
- Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath 12 June 1947 (CB 1 January 1944)
- Distinguished Service Order 25 August 1917
- Military Cross 15 February 1918
- Mentioned in Despatches 26 July 1940, 30 June 1942, 22 March 1945, 9 August 1945
- Virtuti Militari, 5th class (Poland) 15 May 1942
- Commander Legion of Honour (France)
- Croix de Guerre (France) 1945
- Knight Commander of the Order of Orange Nassau (Netherlands) 1945
- Commander, Legion of Merit (United States) 1945
- Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem 2 July 1963 (Commander 2 August 1960)
Notes
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39243. p. 3066. 7 June 1951. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37977. p. 2573. 6 June 1947. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30252. p. 8854. 24 August 1917. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31480. p. 9768. 30 July 1919. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38178. p. 401. 13 January 1948. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37761. p. 5143. 15 October 1946. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35559. p. 2113. 12 May 1942. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39017. p. 4633. 15 September 1950. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ Counterinsurgency lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: learning to eat soup with a knife, By John A. Nagl Page 69 Chicago University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0226567709
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38473. p. 6361. 3 December 1948. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
References
- Churchill's Generals, Edited by John Keegan. ISBN 0-349-11317-3
- Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War, Nick Smart. ISBN 1-84415-049-6.
- Ammentorp, Steen. "Ritchie, Sir Neil Methuen, General". The Generals of WWII. http://www.generals.dk/general/Ritchie/Sir_Neil_Methuen/Great_Britain.html. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Military offices Preceded by
Sir Alan CunninghamGeneral Officer Commanding, 51st (Highland) Division
1940 - 1941Succeeded by
Douglas WimberleyPreceded by
Sir Alan CunninghamCommander-in Chief, Eighth Army
26 November 1941 - 25 June 1942Succeeded by
Sir Claude AuchinleckPreceded by
Sir John LaurieGOC, 52nd Division
1942 - 1943Succeeded by
Sir Edmund Hakewell SmithPreceded by
Montagu StopfordGOC, XII Corps
1943 - 1945Succeeded by
Post DisbandedPreceded by
Sir Andrew ThorneGOC-in-C Scottish Command
1945–1947Succeeded by
Sir Philip ChristisonPreceded by
New PostC-in-C Far East Land Forces
1947–1948Succeeded by
Sir John HardingCategories:- 1897 births
- 1983 deaths
- Old Lancing
- Sandhurst graduates
- Black Watch officers
- British Army personnel of World War I
- British Army World War II generals
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
- Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
- Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
- Recipients of the Military Cross
- Commanders of the Legion of Merit
- Silver Crosses of the Virtuti Militari
- Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
- Recipients of the Order of Orange-Nassau
- Knights of the Order of St John
- Scottish soldiers
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