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Tonkawa language

Tonkawa language

language
name=Tonkawa
familycolor=Isolate
states=United States
region=Western Oklahoma, South-central Texas and into New Mexico
extinct=20th century
iso2=nai|iso3=tqw|SIL=TON

The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. A language isolate, with no known related languages, Tonkawa is now extinct, and the members of the Tonkawa tribe now speak only English.

ounds

Vowels

Tonkawa has 10 vowels:

Long vowels are indicated with a following middle dot < · >. The affricate IPA|/ʦ/ is written as < c >. The glottal stop IPA|/ʔ/ is written as either an apostrophe < ' > or with a superscript question mark < ? >. The palatal glide IPA|/j/ is written as < y >.

The phonemic orthography used in Hoijer's "Tonkawa Texts" is a later version of Americanist transcription. It uses a colon for long vowels < : > and the traditional glottal stop symbol < IPA|ʔ >.some of the examples of it would be like salt it is called mummun and peper is mummunchicew

Example

The following text is the first four sentences of "Coyote and Jackrabbit", from Hoijer's "Tonkawa Texts".

: ha·csokonayla ha·nanoklakno?o xam?al?a·y?ik. ?e·kIPA|ʷa tanmaslakIPA|ʷa·low hecne·laklakno?o lak. ha·csokonayla "?o·c!" noklakno?o. "?ekIPA|ʷanesxaw sa·ken nenxales!" noklakno?o. ?e·ta tanmaslakIPA|ʷa·lowa·?a·lak hewleklakno?o.

Gloss:

: Coyote / he was going along, S / on the prairie. When he did so / Jackrabbit / he was lying, S / (accus.). Coyote / "Oho!" / he said, S. "Horse /my / I have found it!" / he said, S. And then / that Jackrabbit afm / he caught him, S.

In this gloss, "S" is an abbreviation for "it is said", and "afm" for "the aforementioned".

References

* Hoijer, Harry. (1933). "Tonkawa: An Indian language of Texas". New York: Columbia University. (Extract from "Handbook of American Indian languages", Vol. 3).
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). "Tonkawa." in Harry Hoijer et al., "Linguistic Structures of Native America", 289-311.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1949). "An Analytical Dictionary of the Tonkawa Language". Berkeley, CA: University of California Publications in Linguistics 5.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1972). "Tonkawa Texts". Berkeley, CA: University of California Publications in Linguistics 73.
* Mithun, Marianne. "The Languages of Native North America". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
* "The Tonkawa Language: Pronunciation Key." Internet: October 12, 2005.

External links

* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tqw Ethnologue report for Tonkawa]
* [http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/coahuiltecan/americas/ton/view?searchterm=Tonkawa Tonkawa resources at the Rosetta Project]
* [http://www.tonkawatribe.com/culture/language.htm The Tonkawa Language] &mdash; Includes online Tonkawa dictionary


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