- Union of Kėdainiai
Union of Kėdainiai (or Agreement of Kėdainiai, Lithuanian "Kėdainių unija" or "Kėdainių sutartis"; Polish "Umowa Kiejdańska") was a controversial agreement between several
magnate s of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania and theKing of Sweden Charles X Gustav , signed in 1655 during The Deluge. Its purpose was to end thePolish-Lithuanian Union and carve up two separate principalities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to be ruled by theRadziwiłł ("Radvila") family, while the rest of the Duchy was to become a Swedishprotectorate .The agreement did not last for long and never came into effect, as the Swedish defeat in the Battles of Warka and Prostki as well as a popular uprising in both Poland and Lithuania put an end both to Swedish power and the influence of the Radziwiłłs.
History
The Radziwiłł family, owner of vast areas in Lithuania and Poland, were dissatisfied with the role of magnates, who in the Polish-Lithuanian political system theoretically had the same rights as the Polish and Lithuanian nobility. Eventually, the interests of the wealthy clan (known in Poland as "The Family") and the Crown began to drift apart.
In 1654, during the Swedish and Russian invasion of Poland, known as The Deluge, two notable members of the Radziwiłł clan, Janusz and Bogusław, began negotiations with Swedish king Charles X Gustav, aimed at breaking the Commonwealth and the Polish-Lithuanian Union. At that time the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was attacked from both sides by Russia and Sweden, and royal control over its area deteriorated. The Lithuanian army capitulated to the Swedes without firing a single shot and the state collapsed. Most of the
Crown of Poland along with western parts ofLithuania were occupied by Swedish forces, while most of the Grand Duchy (exceptSamogitia and parts ofSuvalkija andAukštaitija ) was under Russian occupation. In addition, theKhmelnytsky Uprising struck theUkraine .On October 10, 1655, Janusz and Bogusław Radziwiłł signed an agreement with the Swedes in their castle at
Kėdainiai . According to the treaty, signed by the two in the name of allLithuanian nobility , the Polish-Lithuanian Union was declared null and void. In exchange for military assistance against Russia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was to become a protectorate ofSweden , with apersonal union joining two states. In addition, "The Family" was to be given two sovereign principalities carved from their lands within the Grand Duchy and the Lithuanian nobility was to retain its liberties and privileges.The agreement never came into force. Its main proponent, Janusz Radziwiłł, died only 2 months after its signing, on December 31, in the castle of
Tykocin , besieged by forces loyal to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of LithuaniaJan Kazimierz . Shortly after his death, the castle was taken byJan Paweł Sapieha , who immediately succeeded Janusz Radziwiłł on the office of Grand Hetman of Lithuania. The tide of the war soon turned and a popular uprising in Poland broke the power of the Swedish army. The Swedish occupation of Lithuania sparked a similar uprising in Lithuania. The Swedish defeat and eventual retreat from the territories of the Commonwealth abruptly ended the plans of Janusz's cousin Bogusław, who lost his army in theBattle of Prostki and died in exile inKönigsberg on December 31, 1669.The Radziwiłł family fortunes waned with the next generation. Bogusław became commonly known in Poland as "Gnida" (A "lice") by his fellow nobles and Janusz became known as "Zdrajca" ("Traitor"). Their treason against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth eclipsed the deeds of other members of their family, like
Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł , who fought for the Crown and the Commonwealth against the Swedes.Assessment
Although seen as an act of treason by contemporaries, modern views on the proposed Swedish-Lithuanian agreement differ. Some argue that the agreement with the Swedes was made not out of greed and the political ambitions of Janusz Radziwiłł, but rather because of his
Realpolitik . According to another theory, Janusz Radziwiłł attempted to get a strong ally against Russia. Supporters of this theory point out that this move was forced because the Grand Duchy of Lithuania lacked the resources to fight a two front war, and thePolish Crown didn't help either with financing or with military forces. Although this choice proved wrong - the Swedes proved to be not much better than Russians themselves.ee also
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Polish-Swedish union Further reading
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