Articulation (architecture)

Articulation, in art and architecture, is first of all a joint. Expanding from that definition, articulation is also a method of styling the joints in the formal of architectural design. Through degrees of articulation, each part is united with the whole work by means of a joint in such a way that the joined parts are put together in styles ranging from exceptionally distinct jointing to the opposite of high articulation—fluidity and continuity of joining. In highly articulated works, each part is defined precisely and stands out clearly. The articulation of a building reveals how the parts fit into the whole by emphasizing each part separately.cite book
last =Ching
first =Francis D.K.
authorlink =
coauthors =
title =A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
date =1995
location =New York
pages =pp. 52, 141
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 0-471-82451-3 ]

Continuity and fusion

The opposite of distinct articulation is continuity and fusion which reduces the separateness of the parts. Distinct articulation emphasizes the "strategic break" while the articulation of continuity concentrates on smooth transitions.cite web
author=Pierre von Meiss
year=
month=
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=el6uoMdMiIIC&printsec=titlepage&dq=articulation+architecture#PPA78
title=Elements of Architecture: From Form to Place
publisher=Taylor and Francis
pages= pp. 78–82
accessdate=2007-12-25] Continuity (or fusion) reduces the independence of the elements and focuses on the largest element of the whole, while reducing focus on the other independent elements.

Articulation and space

Architecture is said to be the art of the articulation of spaces. And geometry is the architect's basic tool, but it is not the architect's system of communication. That system is the defining of object in the surrounding space. Articulation is the geometry of form and space.cite web
author= Neil Leach
year=
month=
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o5Q56G7opmcC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=articulation+architecture&source=web&ots=qQlNQORDzX&sig=1KztfQPAcvLdQRwRJiM2zEHaEmc
title=Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory - Structuralism
publisher=Routledge Publisher
pages=192
accessdate=2007-12-25]

Examples

Romanesque architecture

Vertical wall articulation set Romanesque churches apart from their predecessors. Dividing the church height into bays using pilasters gave the interior space a new vertical unity. It also added a new three dimensional vision by using the horizontal line of the arcade and clerestory. The use of the compound pier allowed the wall columns to rise together with other shafts supporting walls such those supporting arches and aisle vaults into three or more levels.cite web
author=Lawrence R. Hoey
year=1989
month=September
url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808%28198909%2948%3A3%3C258%3APFAVWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage
title=Pier Form and Vertical Wall Articulation in English Romanesque Architecture
publisher=The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
pages=pp. 258-283
accessdate=2007-12-25]

ydney Opera House

This structure is a combination of both articulation and fusion styles. Although the "wings" of the opera house stand articulated from the whole, within the wings the ribs of the structure have been fused, or made continuous, by covering the structure with a smooth surface. The smooth covering creates in the process other, larger symbolic forms in rhythmic succession on the roof. (See photo of completed structure in the gallery below.) The result here is sensuous, related to both earth and sky, as the fused forms are more natural in form than are sharp angles with strong definition. The sharper forms, the result of the smooth surface fusion, intrude with sharp articluation into the sky.cite web
author=
year=
month=
url=http://cala.arizona.edu/courses/arc103/trad103/tutorials/architecture_history/problem_sets/20th_century/high_tech/03c.html
title=Problem 3: The Architecture Project - Define "articulated form"
publisher=University of Arizona
accessdate=2007-12-24]

Casa da Música

The design of Casa da Música in Portugal produced a building in which the formal intellectual underpinning is equaled by the continuity, the fusion of forms, to create its sensual beauty. Its emotionality comes through in its exuberant external design where articulation in structure has been overwhelmed by continuity and fusion. [cite web
author=NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF
year=2005
month=December 25
url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/arts/design/25ouro.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
title=A Vision of a Mobile Society Rolls Off the Assembly Line
publisher=New York Times
accessdate=2007-12-26]

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

In this structure, fusion and continuity dominate over articulation. The organically shaped curves on the building have been designed to appear random. According to the architect, "the randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light".Citation| last =Lee| first =Denny | title =Bilbao, 10 Years Later| newspaper =The New York Times| year =2007| date =September 23, 2007| url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/23bilbao.html?em&ex=1190606400&en=898bb5be11939f56&ei=5087%0A] Thus there is an interaction between space (environment) and form.

Articulation vs. continuity

The articulated form emphasizes the building's distinct parts. Articulation accentuates the visible aspect of the different parts of a building. Sometimes the effect completely obscures the sense of the whole, breaking it down into too many pieces, but in most cases the articulation expresses a balance between the two. The result is often a potential sensuality, as the fused forms are closer to the form of the human body than are sharp angles with strong definition.A highly articulated art form expresses its culture's sense of it place in the world. In architecture spacial organization or articulation shows the following uses:cite web
author=Jale Nejdet Erzen
year=
month=
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-mh6NWRlw4MC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=articulation+architecture&source=web&ots=c-QzJivB3g&sig=uGZvoedijBLilYLhkxq0n7IEb2c#PPA57,M1
title=Understanding Islamic Architecture - The Aesthetics of Space in Ottoman Architecture
pages= p. 57
publisher= Routledge Publishing
accessdate=2007-12-24]

Uses of articulation

# Movement and circulation
# Uses and accessibility
# Sequence and succession
# Symbolism and meaning

Highly articulated buildings

*Seagram Building
*Centre Georges Pompidou

Footnotes

External links

* [http://books.google.com/books?id=KOdNSPJL6hUC&pg=PT122&lpg=PT122&dq=articulation+architecture&source=web&ots=pRLB3AaJD-&sig=GYtYlpB8TOQifRa5Nw8WVmx03O0#PPT122,M1 Architecture in the Age of Divided Representation: The Question of Creativity in the Shadow of Production]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=o5Q56G7opmcC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=articulation+architecture&source=web&ots=qQlNQORDzX&sig=1KztfQPAcvLdQRwRJiM2zEHaEmc Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=4JQKFqe9m-wC&pg=RA1-PA202&lpg=RA1-PA202&dq=articulation+architecture&source=web&ots=XSmjQwrJTk&sig=w4FE9a_XAynW-1AIsNcLS7bO5yc Architecture Theory Since 1968]
* [http://cala.arizona.edu/courses/arc103/trad103/tutorials/architecture_history/problem_sets/20th_century/high_tech/03t.htmDefine "articulated form"]