Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988

Infobox Election
election_name = Democratic Presidential Primaries, 1988
country = United States
type = presidential
ongoing = no
previous_election = Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29_presidential_primaries%2C_1984
previous_year = 1984
next_election = Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992
next_year = 1992
election_date = February 8 1988 to July 18 1988

nominee1 = Michael Dukakis
party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state1 = Massachusetts
states_carried1 = 30
popular_vote1 = 9,898,750
percentage1 = 42.51%

nominee2 = Jesse Jackson
party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state2 = Illinois
states_carried2 = 9 (also D.C.)
popular_vote2 = 6,788,991
percentage2 = 29.15%

nominee3 = Al Gore
party3 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state3 = Tennessee
states_carried3 = 7
popular_vote3 = 3,185,806
percentage3 = 13.68%

nominee4 = Dick Gephardt
party4 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state4 = Missouri
states_carried4 = 3
popular_vote4 = 1,399,041
percentage4 = 6.00%

nominee5 = Paul M. Simon
party5 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state5 = Illinois
states_carried5 = 1
popular_vote5 = 1,082,960
percentage5 = 4.65%
map_

Primaries

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They felt more optimistic this time due to the continuing Iran Contra scandal plus the large gains in the 1986 mid-term election which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule.

In early 1987, Senator Gary Hart was the clear frontrunner in the field (Democratic party efforts to recruit New York Governor Mario Cuomo aside). Hart had put in a strong showing in the 1984 presidential election, and had refined his campaign in the intervening years.

However, questions about extramarital affairs dogged the charismatic candidate. One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to 'put a tail' on him. In actuality, the "Miami Herald" had received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice's that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a copy of "The New York Times Magazine". On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race. In December 1987, Hart returned to the race. However, the damage had been done.

Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts had been considered a potential candidate, but he ruled himself out of the 1988 campaign in the fall of 1985. Two other politicians mentioned as possible candidates, both from Arkansas, didn't join the race: Senator Dale Bumpers and Governor (and future President) Bill Clinton (Clinton said in 2007 he changed his mind the day before he was to announce a run).

Joseph Biden's campaign also ended in controversy after the Delaware Senator was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one where he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Allegations were also leaked to the press that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, in law school. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race. Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned. The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges. [cite news | title=Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism | page=29 | work=The New York Times | date=1989-05-29]

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 remains the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Dukakis eventually emerged as the winner, with Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election being unsuccessful and causing him to withdraw. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning. [cite news | title=Waiting for The Jackson Reaction; Will Jesse End His Crusade With a Bang or a Whimper? | first=Juan | last=Williams | work=The Washington Post | page=C1 | date=1988-07-17]

Candidates

Potential candidates who did not run

Total popular vote results

Total popular vote results from primaries and caucuses [ [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55210 Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1988 ] ] :
*Michael Dukakis - 9,898,750 (42.46%)
*Jesse Jackson - 6,788,991 (29.12%)
*Al Gore - 3,185,806 (13.67%)
*Dick Gephardt - 1,399,041 (6.00%)
*Paul M. Simon - 1,082,960 (4.65%)
*Gary Hart - 415,716 (1.78%)
*Unpledged delegates - 250,307 (1.07%)
*Bruce Babbitt - 77,780 (0.33%)
*Lyndon LaRouche - 70,938 (0.30%)
*David Duke - 45,289 (0.19%)
*James Traficant - 30,879 (0.13%)
*Douglas Applegate - 25,068 (0.11%)

Convention and general election

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious. [cite news | title=I just fell on my sword | first=John | last=Brummert | work=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette | date=1988-07-22]

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards (who two years later became the state governor) delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush] , he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows [ [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58504 Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 18, 1988 ] ] :
* Michael Dukakis - 2,877 (70.09%)
* Jesse Jackson - 1,219 (29.70%)
* Richard Stallings - 3 (0.07%)
* Joe Biden - 2 (0.05%)
* Dick Gephardt - 2 (0.05%)
* Lloyd Bentsen - 1 (0.02%)
* Gary Hart - 1 (0.02%)

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. Because of Bentsen's status as something of an elder statesman who was more experienced in electoral politics, manywho|date=May 2008 believed Dukakis' selection of Bentsen as his running mate was a mistake in that Bentsen, number two on the ticket, appeared more "presidential" than did Dukakis. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

References