Agaricus

Taxobox
name = "Agaricus"

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image_width = 200px
image_caption = Poisonous "A. xanthodermus"
regnum = Fungi
phylum = Basidiomycota
subphylum = Agaricomycotina
classis = Agaricomycetes
ordo = Agaricales
familia = Agaricaceae
genus = "Agaricus"
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = See article

"Agaricus" is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide [Bas C (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus "Agaricus", 21-24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), "Genetics and breeding of Agaricus". Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.] [Capelli A (1984). "Agaricus". L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). "Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna", Saronno, Italy] . The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom ("Agaricus bisporus"), and the Field mushroom ("Agaricus campestris") the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.

Members of "Agaricus" are characterized by having a fleshy cap or "pileus", from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of "Agaricus" also have a stem or "stipe", which elevates the pileus above the object on which the mushroom grows, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.

Taxonomy

For many years members of the genus "Agaricus" were given the generic name "Psalliota", and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve "Agaricus" against "Psalliota" or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.

Several origins of "Agaricus" have been proposed; It possibly derives "from Agarica of Sarmatica, a district of Russia" (!). Note also Greek ἀγαρικ [Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.] όν "a sort of tree fungus" (There's been an "Agaricon" Adans. genus, treated by Donk in "Persoonia" 1:180)

Donk reports Linnaeus' name is devalidated (so that the proper author citation apparently is "L. "per" Fr., 1821") because "Agaricus" was not linked to Tournefort's name (Linnaeus places both "Agaricus" Dill. and "Amanita" Dill. in synonymy), but truly a replacement for "Amanita" Dill., which would require that "A. quercinus", not "A. campestris" be the type. This question compounded by the fact that Fries himself used "Agaricus" roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with "Amanita"), and that "A. campestris" was eventually excluded from "Agaricus" by Karsten and was apparently in "Lepiota" at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessarycite journal| last=Donk| first=M.A.| title=The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae| journal=Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia| pages=1–320| volume=5| year=1962| issn= 0078-2238] .

The alternate name for the genus, "Psalliota", derived from the Greek "psalion/ψάλιον, "ring",was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. "Psalliota". The type is "Agaricus campestris" (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed "A. cretaceus"). Paul Kummer (not Quélet, who merely excluded "Stropharia") was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. "Psalliota" was the tribe containing the type of "Agaricus", so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, not what happened. It seems to be currently not considered valid, or a junior homotypic synonym, anyway the explanation is that it was raised by (in retrospect) erroneously maintaining the tribe name.

Edibility

The genus contains the most widely consumed and best known mushroom today, "Agaricus bisporus", with "A. campestris" also well known. The most notable inedible species is the yellow-staining mushroom "A. xanthodermus". All three are found worldwide.

One species reported from Africa, "A. aurantioviolaceus", is reportedly deadly poisonous.

List of species

* "Agaricus abruptibulbus"
* "Agaricus aestivalis"
* "Agaricus aestivalis var. Veneris"
* "Agaricus aff. benesii"
* "Agaricus altipes"
* "Agaricus arcticus"
* "Agaricus arvensis" (Horse mushroom)
* "Agaricus arvensis var. exquisita"
* "Agaricus arvensis var. macrolepis"
* "Agaricus arvensis var. exquisita"
* "Agaricus augustus" (The Prince)
* "Agaricus benesii"
* "Agaricus bernardii"
* "Agaricus bisporus" (Cultivated mushroom)
* "Agaricus bisporus var. albidus"
* "Agaricus bisporus var. hortensis"
* "Agaricus bitorquis"
* "Agaricus bohusii"
* "Agaricus bresadolianus"
* "Agaricus campestris" (Field mushroom/Meadow mushroom (US))
* "Agaricus cellaris"
* "Agaricus cf. pseudopratensis"
* "Agaricus comtulus"
* "Agaricus cupreobrunneus"
* "Agaricus devoniensis"
* "Agaricus dulcidulus"
* "Agaricus essettei"
* "Agaricus excellens"
* "Agaricus fissuratus"
* "Agaricus freirei"
* "Agaricus fuscofibrillosus"
* "Agaricus geesterani syn. Allopsalliota geesterani"
* "Agaricus haemorrhoidarius"
* "Agaricus hortensis"
* "Agaricus impudicus"
* "Agaricus koelerionensis"
* "Agaricus lacrymabunda"
* "Agaricus langei"
* "Agaricus lanipes"
* "Agaricus laskibarii"
* "Agaricus leucotrichus"
* "Agaricus lilaceps" (Cypress Agaricus)
* "Agaricus litoralis"
* "Agaricus luteomaculatus"
* "Agaricus macrocarpus"
* "Agaricus macrosporus"
* "Agaricus maleolens"
* "Agaricus medio-fuscus"
* "Agaricus menieri"
* "Agaricus moelleri" (Inky Mushroom)
* "Agaricus niveolutescens"
* "Agaricus nivescens"
* "Agaricus osecanus"
* "Agaricus pampeanus"
* "Agaricus perrarus"
* "Agaricus pilatianus"
* "Agaricus praeclaresquamosus syn. Agaricus placomyces"
* "Agaricus praeclaresquamosus var. griseus"
* "Agaricus praeclaresquamosus var. meleagris"
* "Agaricus praeclaresquamosus var. terricolor"
* "Agaricus porphyrizon"
* "Agaricus porphyrocephalus"
* "Agaricus praeclaresquamosus"
* "Agaricus purpurellus"
* "Agaricus radicatus"
* "Agaricus romagnesii"
* "Agaricus rotalis"
* "Agaricus rufotegulis"
* "Agaricus semotus"
* "Agaricus silvaticus"
* "Agaricus silvaticus var. pallidus"
* "Agaricus silvicola" (Wood Mushroom)
* "Agaricus spissicaulis"
* "Agaricus stramineus"
* "Agaricus subfloccosus"
* "Agaricus subperonatus"
* "Agaricus subrufescens" (= "Agaricus blazei")
* "Agaricus subrutilescens" (Wine-Colored Agaricus)
* "Agaricus urinascens"
* "Agaricus urinascens var. excellens"
* "Agaricus vaporarius"
* "Agaricus variegans"
* "Agaricus xanthodermus" (Yellow staining mushroom)
* "Agaricus xanthodermus var. griseus"
* "Agaricus xanthodermus var. lepiotoides"
* "Agaricus xanthodermus var. meleagris"

See also

* Fungus
* Mushroom
* Mycology

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus.html Mushroom Expert - The Genus Agaricus]
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/genera/Agaricus.html Varieties of California, USA on MYKOWEB .com]
* [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=17030 "Agaricus" page at Index Fungorum]
* [http://www.rjb.csic.es/sim/php/Paginas/nomenclatura.php?busca=agaricus&fichero=nomenaga&por=gensi&version=english On-line nomenclature of Agaricus from Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. CSIC]
* [http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/94/3/373 The anise-like odor of Clitocybe odora, Lentinellus cochleatus and Agaricus essettei]