Phrymaceae

Taxobox
name = Lopseed family


image_width = 250px
image_caption = "Mimulus ringens"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Phrymaceae
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = About 11; see text.

Phrymaceae (Schauer 1847), also known as the Lopseed family, is a small plant family in the order Lamiales. It now consists of about 190 species, distributed worldwide but with the majority in western North America (about 130 species) and Australia (about 30 species).

Previously, this family was monotypic with the genus "Phryma", and limited in geographic range to eastern North America and eastern China. This genus was previously placed by Cronquist in the verbena family Verbenaceae.

New research of phylogenetic relationships (Beardsley & Olmstead, 2002) has revealed that several genera, traditionally included in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae, are actually more closely related to the newly defined and expanded Phrymaceae. A more recent paper has suggested that the genus "Rehmannia" is closely related to "Mazus" and "Lancea", but has also cast doubt on the inclusion of these genera in Phrymaceae.

The family Phrymaceae is mainly defined by the following three characteristics:
* Tubular, toothed calyces (with five lobes).
* Stigmas with two lamellas with sensitive inner surfaces, that close together on contact with a pollinator.
* Capsules that are readily dehiscent in the length between the partitions of the locule.

Members of this family occur in the most diverse habitats, ranging from deserts, river banks or mountains. They can be annuals or perennials, with a length between a few centimeters to woody shrubs of 4 m high.

The floral structures within Phrymaceae can be rather different, even so that a morphological assessment becomes difficult. Their corollas can be bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

Even reproduction is brought about by different breeding systems: asexual, self-fertilizing, outcrossing or mixed mating. Some are pollinated by insects, others by hummingbirds.

The most common fruit type in this family is a readily dehiscent capsule containing numerous seeds, but exceptions exist (an achene, as in "Phryma leptostachya", or a berry-like fruit as in "Leucocarpus").

The genus "Mimulus" (with about 120 species) is not monophyletic. Six other genera are derived from within it ("Glossostigma, Peplidium, Phryma, Leucocarpus, Hemichaena", and "Berendtiell"), and the Australian genus "Elacholoma" probably as well. The genus Mimulus is cosmopolitan, with most species in western North America (and the greatest number in California). It also occurs in Australia, South Africa, India, Chile, Mexico, the Himalayas and Madagascar. The taxonomic relationships of these species remain unclear and a redefinition is in order; a breaking up of this genus is probably the next step, requiring more than 100 name changes.

Genera

*Subfamily Mazoideae
** "Mazus" Lour.
** "Lancea" Hook.f. & Thomson
*Subfamily Phrymoideae (about 160 species)
** "Mimulus" L.
** "Dodartia" L.
** "Glossostigma" Wight & Arn. (with three or four lobes in the calyx instead five; contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe)
** "Peplidium" Delile (contains one large and one vestigial stigma lobe)
** "Phryma" L.
** "Leucocarpus" D.Don
** "Berendtiella" Wettst. & Harms
** "Hemichaena" Benth. 1841
** "Elacholoma" F.Muell. & Tate (the stigma lobes are relatively long and are receptive over most of their length)

References

* Beardsley, P. M. & Olmstead, R. G. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of "Mimulus", tribe Mimuleae, and "Phryma". "American Journal of Botany" 89: 1093-1102 (available online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/7/1093 here] ).
*Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. 2005. Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. "Taxon" 54(2): 411-425.