Gambeson

Gambeson

A gambeson (or aketon or padded jack) is a padded defensive jacket, worn as armour separately, or combined with mail or plate armour. Gambeson were produced with a sewing technique called quilting. Usually constructed of linen or wool, the stuffing varied, and could be for example scrap cloth or horse hair. During the 14th century, illustrations usually show buttons or laces up the front.

Etymology

The term "gambeson" is a loan from Old French "gambeson", "gambaison", originally "wambais", formed after the Middle High German term "wambeis" "doublet", in turn from Old High German "wamba" "stomach" (cognate to "womb".)

The term "aketon", originally medieval french "alcottonem" might be a loan from Arabic "al-qutn" "cotton (definite article - "the" cotton)".

In medieval Norse, the garment was known as "vapntreyiu", lit. "arming shirt" or "pannzar/pannzarum", another loan word from middle high German.

Also known as: Aketon, acton, arming coat, auqueton, gambeson, hacketon, haqueton, pannzar, vapntreiyu, wambais, wambesium, wambs,

History

Quilted leather open jackets and trousers were worn by Scythian horsemen before the 4th century BC, as can be seen on Scythian gold ornaments crafted by Greek goldsmiths. The European gambeson can be traced at least to the late 10th century, but it is likely to have been in use in various forms for longer than that. In Europe, its use became widespread in the 13th century, and peaked in the 14th and 15th centuries.

The gambeson was used both as a complete armour unto itself and underneath mail and plate in order to cushion the body and prevent chafing. It was very insulatory and thus uncomfortable, but its protection was vital for the soldier.

Although they are thought to have been used in Europe much earlier, gambesons underwent a revolution from their first proven use in the late 11th and early 12th centuries as an item of armour that simply facilitated the wearing of mail to an item of independent armour popular amongst infantry. Although quilted armour survived into the English Civil War in England as a poor man's cuirass, and as an item to be worn beneath the few remaining suits of full plate, it was increasingly replaced by the 'buff coat'- a leather jacket of rough suede.

There are two distinctive designs of gambeson; those designed to be worn beneath another armour, and those designed to be worn as independent armour. The latter tend to be thicker and higher in the collar, and faced with more resilient materials, such as leather, or heavy canvas. This variant is usually referred to as "padded jack" and made of several (some say around 18 [Embleton, Gerry: "Medieval military costume", p.67, Crowood press, 2000] , some even 30 [Embleton, Gerry & Howe, John: "Söldnerleben im Mittelalter", p.47, Motorbuchverlag 1994] ) layers of cotton, linen or wool. These jacks were renowned to stop even heavy arrows [Embleton, Gerry & Howe, John: "Söldnerleben im Mittelalter", p.47, Motorbuchverlag 1994] and their design of multiple layers bears a striking resemblance to modern day body armor, which substituted at first silk and later Kevlar as fabric.

For common soldiers who could not afford mail or plate armour, the gambeson, combined with a helmet as the only additional protection, remained a common sight on European battlefields during the entire Middle Ages, and its decline - paralleling that of plate armour - came only with the Renaissance, as the use of firearms became more widespread, until by the 18th century it was no longer in military use.

While the use of linen has been shown in archaeological evidence, the use of cotton - and cotton-based canvas - is disputed since the access to large amounts of cotton cloth was not widely available in northern Europe at this time. It is quite probable that Egypt (and Asia-Minor generally) still produced cotton well after the 7th and 8th centuries and knowledge (and samples) of this cloth was brought to Europe by the returning Crusaders. However logistics and expense of equipping a town militia or army with large amounts of cotton-based garments is doubtful, when flax-based textiles (linen) was in widespread use. Dubious|date=March 2008

ee also

*Doublet (a.k.a. "pourpoint")
*Arming doublet
*Buff coat

Notes


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Gambeson — Gam be*son, n. Same as {Gambison}. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Gambeson —   [gãb zɔ̃, altfranzösisch] das, s/ s, mittelalterliche Schutzkleidung einfacher Kriegsknechte sowie unter dem Kettenhemd getragenes gestepptes Oberteil aus wattiertem Tuch oder Leder …   Universal-Lexikon

  • gambesón — (Del aum. de gambax). m. Saco acolchado que llegaba hasta media pierna y se ponía debajo de la armadura …   Diccionario de la lengua española

  • gambeson — [gam′bi sən] n. [ME < OFr < ML wambasium < LGr bambax, cotton: see BOMBAST] a medieval coat, made of leather or quilted cloth, worn as armor …   English World dictionary

  • Gambeson — Abbildung aus der Maciejowski Bibel (fol. 10r, um 1240) Ein Gambeson (auch Gambison, franz. gambesson) ist ein textiles Rüstungsteil das entweder aus mehreren Lagen Leinentuchs bestand oder mit verschiedenen Materialien, wie Rohbaumwolle,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Gambesón — Dibujo de un gambesón del siglo XIII (Biblia Morgan) El gambesón (del ant. alto alemán wamba, vientre) era una especie de jubón acolchado que se traía debajo de la coraza para llevarla cómodamente.[1] El gambesón cubría el cuerpo, los brazos y… …   Wikipedia Español

  • gambesón — (Del fr. ant. gambeison.) ► sustantivo masculino Saco acolchado que se ponía debajo de la armadura. SINÓNIMO [gambesina] * * * gambesón (aum. de «gambax») m. Saco acolchado que llegaba a media pierna y se ponía debajo de la *armadura. * * *… …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • Gambeson — Le gambeson est un lourd manteau matelassé, rembourré avec de la filasse de chanvre (le gambois). Portail de la mode …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Gambeson — Gambe|son [gãb zõ:] das; s, s <aus gleichbed. mittelfr. gambeison, gambeson, dies aus dem Germ. (ahd. wamba)> mittelalterliche Schutzkleidung einfacher Kriegsknechte sowie unter dem Kettenhemd getragenes gestepptes Oberteil aus wattiertem… …   Das große Fremdwörterbuch

  • Gambeson — sometimes used to refer to the aketon, the gambeson more commonly in the period referred to a quilted and decorated coat armour of the late 14th century, worn over the breastplate, or alone. ♦ Quilted linen jacket stuffed with flax or rags, worn… …   Medieval glossary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”