Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica

taxobox
name = New England Banksia
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
species = "B. spinulosa"
variety = "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"
trinomial = "Banksia spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"
trinomial_authority = A.S.George|

"Banksia spinulosa" var. "neoanglica", commonly known as New England Banksia, is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Queensland and New South Wales.

Description

As with the other varieties of "B. spinulosa" (Hairpin Banksia), "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" grows as a shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its leaves, flowers and fruit are all very similar to those of "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii", from which it differs in having a lignotuber.cite encyclopedia | first = A. S. | last = George | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | chapter = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | title = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0]

Taxonomy

"B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" was collected numerous times prior to 1988, but was never recognised as a distinct taxon. During collection for "The Banksia Atlas" project, volunteer collectors reported populations of "B. spinulosa" in northern New South Wales that were indistinguishable from "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" by their leaves, flowers and fruit, but unlike that variety it had a lignotuber. In 1988, Alex George decided to recognise these populations as a distinct taxon. He published "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" based on a specimen collected on 6 April 1986 by Stephen Chapman Clemesha, from a location on the Ebor-Armidale Road, about a kilometre north of the turnoff to New England National Park. He gave it the specific epither "neoanglica" from the Latin "neo" ("new"), and "anglica" (England), in reference to the fact that its centre of distribution is in the New England Tableland.cite journal | author = George, Alex S. | year = 1988 | title = New taxa and notes on "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Nuytsia | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–317]

At the time of publication, "B. spinulosa" then comprised four varieties. Under George's arrangement of "Banksia", the species was placed in "Banksia" subgenus "Banksia", section "Oncostylis", series "Spicigerae" because its inflorescences are cylindrical. "B. collina" and "B. cunninghamii" were demoted to varieties of "B. spinulosa", and as a result the name "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" was used for the first time.The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" as a distinct taxon, placing it between "B. spinulosa" var. "collina" and "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii". They also retained "B. spinulosa" in series "Spicigerae", but placed the species alone in "B." subser. "Spinulosae".cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A cladistic analysis of "Banksia" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the "Flora of Australia" series.

Under George's taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia", "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"'s taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows::Genus "Banksia"::Subgenus "Banksia":::Section "Banksia":::Section "Coccinea":::Section "Oncostylis"::::Series "Spicigerae":::::"B. spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "collina"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica"::::::"B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii":::::"B. ericifolia":::::"B. verticillata":::::"B. seminuda":::::"B. littoralis":::::"B. occidentalis":::::"B. brownii"::::Series "Tricuspidae"::::Series "Dryandroidae"::::Series "Abietinae"::Subgenus "Isostylis"

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" within "B. spinulosa" is supported, but "B. spinulosa"'s placement is not. Series "Spicigerae" appears to be polyphyletic, with "B. spinulosa" and "B. ericifolia" more closely related to the taxa in Series "Salicinae" than it is to the other members of series "Spicigerae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by merging "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then "B. spinulosa" var. "neoanglica" is placed in "B." subg. "Spathulatae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of "Dryandra" R.Br. to "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

The New South Wales herbarium persists in ranking "B. spinulosa" var. "cunninghamii" at species rank, and consider this variety to be a subspecies of it. No name for this subspecies has been formally published; it is usually referred to by the informal name "Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A".cite web | url = http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Banksia~cunninghamii+subsp.~a+sensu+harden+(1991) | title = "Banksia cunninghamii" subsp. a sensu harden (1991) Sieber ex Rchb. | work = PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust | accessdate = 2007-01-10]

Distribution and habitat

This variety occurs in the New England Tableland and nearby mountainous regions of northern New South Wales.The Banksia Atlas]

Cultivation

It is not often cultivated. Alex George suggests that it is probably similar to "B. spinulosa" var. "spinulosa" in cultivation, but should tolerate colder conditions.The Banksia Book]

References

External links

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* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Banksia~cunninghamii+subsp.~a+sensu+harden+(1991) "Banksia cunninghamii" subsp. a sensu harden (1991) Sieber ex Rchb.] , PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.
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