St. Cecilia Society

The St. Cecilia Society of Charleston, South Carolina, named for the traditional patron saint of music, was formed in 1766 as a private subscription concert organization. Over the next fifty-four years, its annual concert series formed the most sophisticated musical phenomenon in North America. Due to the loss of its own administrative records during the American Civil War, however, much inaccurate information about the society has been published, and its important role in the formation of early American musical culture has been largely overlooked. Although its musical patronage ended in 1820, the St. Cecilia Society continues to flourish today as one of South Carolina’s oldest and most exclusive social institutions.

Origin

Many writers have labeled Charleston’s St. Cecilia Society the first musical society in the United States, but it would be more accurate to describe it as the earliest known private subscription concert organization in North America. Similar subscription concert organizations, such as the Academy of Ancient Music, abounded in mid-eighteenth-century Britain, and similar subscription series also appeared in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia in the mid-1760s. Unlike those northern examples that were founded as public commercial ventures run by professional musicians, however, Charleston’s St. Cecilia Society was established as a private organization that was incorporated and administered by gentlemen amateurs who contracted with professional musicians to present an annual series of private concerts. [The details of the St. Cecilia Society early management and finances are found in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 63-111.] This arrangement not only endowed the society with a more secure financial base, but also ensured its survival beyond the initial generation of founders.

Since the loss of the society’s earliest records during the Civil War, its founding date has been the subject of a good deal of speculation and confusion. [The loss of the society's early records is confirmed in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 43-44.] A wide range of dates, spanning from as early as 1732 to as late as 1784, has been published in various books and articles over the past century, but the year 1762 is most often cited in reference to the society’s origin. Unfortunately, this widely accepted date is grounded on inaccurate information taken from secondary sources, and the preponderance of the historical evidence, of which there is a considerable amount, clearly places the founding of Charleston’s St. Cecilia Society in the year 1766. [A detailed discussion of the historical confusion about the St. Cecilia Society's founding date can be found in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 40-44.]

Early Membership

The full list of the early members of Charleston’s St. Cecilia Society perished with the rest of its records during the Civil War. Recent efforts to reconstruct the early membership from archival sources have yielded more than two hundred names, which, while representing only a fraction of the membership, allow some general conclusions to be drawn. From the beginning, the St. Cecilia Society’s membership included the most prosperous planters, politicians, lawyers, physicians, and merchants in the South Carolina lowcountry. As with other social organizations and political institutions formed in eighteenth-century South Carolina, the society’s early membership consisted entirely of white Protestant men, with members of the Anglican or Episcopal Church forming a clear majority. [A list of the known members of the society during its first half century, drawn from extant archival sources, is included in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 273-78.] Following the example of the numerous subscription concert organizations in late eighteenth-century Britain, the membership of the St. Cecilia Society was (and still is) open only to men. Women have formed a significant part of the audience at the society’s events since 1767, but they have never been considered members of the organization. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 21-22, 48-49, 81-84.]

Concert Series

Over the span of fifty-four years of concert activity, 1766-1820, the St. Cecilia Society presented forty-three seasons of regular concerts. The eleven years of apparent inactivity were the result of the American Revolution (eight seasons, autumn 1775-spring 1783), financial complications (two seasons, autumn 1788–spring 1790), and the War of 1812 (one season, autumn 1814-spring 1815). While the date of the commencement and termination of each season varied from year to year, the concerts generally began in mid-autumn and continued fortnightly through early spring. The number of concerts each season also varied, but over the course of half a century they averaged at least eight or nine performances per season. [A reconstructed calendar of the St. Cecilia Society's concerts, 1766-1820, is included in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 259-64.]

Elegant balls or dancing assemblies replaced the concerts after 1820, but dancing was not a new addition to the society's activities. Beginning with its inaugural season in 1766-67, each concert was followed by several hours of social dancing. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 48.] Since 1820, however, dancing assemblies have been the focus of the society's annual events. [Fraser, "Reminiscences of Charleston", 61; Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 59-61.]

Audience

A number of music historians have described the St. Cecilia Society’s performances as among the earliest public concerts in the United States. This statement is misleading, however, as the society's concerts were never "public" events in the modern American sense of the word. From the beginning, the St. Cecilia Concerts were open only to members of the society and their guests, including the ladies of the members' families and invited gentlemen. The early success of its concerts soon prompted the society to enact measures to control access to its events. Many of its early rules articulate the eligibility requirements for male guests, and also expressly prohibit the admission of "boys." [See the discussions of the society's rules and its distribution of tickets for ladies in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 265-72.]

Performance Venues

In its long history the St. Cecilia Society has never owned or built its own performance space. During its concert era the society hired eight different venues in Charleston, ranging in size from approximately 1,000 to nearly 3,600 square feet. Four of these structures still survive: the Great Room in the Exchange Building, the Long Room of McCrady's Tavern, the South Carolina Society Hall, and the first South Carolina State House (now Charleston County Courthouse). [All eight of the venues hired by the St. Cecilia Society are discussed in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 113-50.] Between 1821 and 1861 the society held its events at St. Andrew's Hall. After the Civil War the society briefly used the South Carolina Society Hall and the Deutsche Freundschafts Bund Hall (now the home of Charleston's Washington Light Infantry). Since the early 1880s its events have taken place at Hibernian Hall. [Each of the numerous invitations included in the "St. Cecilia Society Collection" at the South Carolina Historical Society, which span from 1841 through the twentieth century, names the location of the event.]

Performers

The music at the St. Cecilia Society’s concerts was performed by a combination of amateurs and hired professionals. Like the British subscription concert organizations it emulated, the core of the society’s early orchestra was drawn from its membership, and seasoned professional were hired as its treasury grew. Professional musicians were usually drawn from the local population or recruited through private channels, but in 1771 the society advertised throughout the American colonies and in London to fill several positions, offering contracts for one to three years. On the eve of the American Revolution, the orchestra of the St. Cecilia Society included at least twenty musicians, including gentlemen amateurs and professionals from England, Holland, France, Germany, Italy, and the West Indies. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 151-74.] Following several years of rebuilding its forces in the wake of the Revolution, the size of society’s orchestra was augmented in 1793 by the opening of the Charleston Theatre, with its seasonally resident orchestra, and the nearly simultaneous arrival of French musicians fleeing the Haitian Revolution. Over the next two decades, the society enjoyed a symbiotic relationship with the local theater musicians, many of whom traveled northward for the summer months and performed at other concert series. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 175-201.]

Lady amateurs and female professional musicians also appeared occasionally at the St. Cecilia Society’s concerts as instrumental or vocal soloists. Professional singers, usually affiliated with the local theater, usually presented songs from popular English and French stage works. Young lady amateurs, generally performing on the harpsichord, piano, or harp, occasionally played solo works or appeared in small ensembles or even as concerto soloists. [Numerous examples of female performers at these concerts are mentioned in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 180-94.]

Musical Repertoire

Despite the long distance between Charleston and London, the repertoire of the St. Cecilia Concerts (as the society’s performances were known) generally kept pace with the musical fashions of contemporary Britain. The constant commercial trade between the two cities, augmented by Charleston's fervent desire to follow English fashions, encouraged the importation of musical works by the most "modern" and "fashionable" European composers, or at least the works of composers then favored in London. Among the composers whose works were heard in Charleston between 1766 and 1820 are Carl Friedrich Abel, Johann Christian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Leopold Kozeluch, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Josef Mysliveček, Ignaz Pleyel, Johann Stamitz, and many others. [A complete discussion of the society's musical tastes and the repertoire heard in Charleston is found in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 203-36.]

London musical fashions did not completely monopolize the concert repertoire heard in Charleston during this period, however. Thanks to the influx of French musicians in the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution, the works of composers such as François Adrien Boieldieu, Nicolas-Marie Dalayrac, André Ernest Modeste Grétry, Étienne Méhul, and others were also heard in Charleston. [The influence of French refugees and French repertoire on the content of the St. Cecilia Society's concerts is discussed in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 203-36.]

Although several of the musicians residing in Charleston during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are known to have composed some music, the St. Cecilia Society made no effort to encourage the creation of a local musical style. Since the society measured its musical success by its ability to replicate contemporary European practices, the cultivation of a “native” musical language would have seemed too provincial for an organization that strove to appear as cosmopolitan as possible. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 206-7.]

In keeping with British practices of the day, each of the St. Cecilia Society’s concerts included a mix of musical genres. Orchestral works opened and closed each of the “acts” or “parts” of the concert, while a varied succession of concertos, pieces for small instrumental ensembles, and vocal selections filled the rest of the bill. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 207-11.]

Cessation of the Concerts

The termination of the society’s concert series in 1820 was motivated by several factors. By 1815 musical fashions in Charleston were changing and enthusiasm for the society’s concerts, a conspicuous vestige of the Age of Enlightenment, was in decline. In 1817 the Charleston Theatre company initiated a touring circuit that disrupted the society’s long-standing practice of sharing musicians with the local theater. On a number of occasions in the ensuing seasons, the St. Cecilia Society’s offered balls as last-minute substitutes for concerts when a sufficient number of musicians could not be procured. Finally, the Panic of 1819 unraveled the local economy and induced the society to curtail its activities. After three increasingly meager seasons, the society held its last regular concert in the spring of 1820 and in subsequent years presented a greatly reduced number of balls. [The multiple causes leading to the termination of the St. Cecilia Society concert series are examined in Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 237-51.]

Historical Significance

The St. Cecilia Society’s importance as a musical institution is considerable, though this aspect of the society’s heritage it is often overlooked in favor of its relatively more recent fame as an elite social organization. While the society’s existence is not unknown to music historians, few details of its concert activity have heretofore been available to facilitate comparisons with European or other early American musical phenomena. For more than a century, musicologists have been inclined to characterize eighteenth-century American concert life in general as a "feeble imitation" of European practices. [Sonneck, "Early Concert-Life in America", 8.] In contrast to this conclusion, however, Nicholas Butler’s recent reconstruction of the St. Cecilia Society’s concert era demonstrates the existence of a robust and long-term effort in Charleston to replicate Old World models, and portrays the society as the most significant example of concert patronage in the United States before the advent of the New York Philharmonic in 1842. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo", 253-58.]

Memories of the society’s musical heritage soon faded after its records were lost during the Civil War, however, and subsequent writers have since focused on the Society’s social activities and the glamour of its annual debutante ball. At the end of the nineteenth century, many Charlestonians began to view the St. Cecilia Society as a valuable link to their city’s "golden age" of prosperity in the preceding century. To many observers, however, it also stood as a symbol of Charleston’s rigid insularity and its resistance to a broader democratic philosophy. Despite such friction, inclusion in the society’s activities is still widely believed to represent the achievement of the ultimate insider status in Charleston. [Doyle, "New Men, New Cities, New South", 240-44.]

Historiography

The earliest known published description of Charleston's St. Cecilia Society and its legacy of musical patronage is found in Charles Fraser's "Reminiscences of Charleston" (first published in 1854), which contains a brief but highly influential synopsis of the history of the society. [Fraser, "Reminiscences of Charleston", 59-61.] Although Fraser (1782-1860) had been admitted to the society in 1803, and his father, Alexander Fraser, had been among its founding members, his brief 1854 account of the society's concert activity is vague and contains several factual errors that may be attributed to the fading memories of events that transpired some three or four decades earlier. Despite these shortcomings, Fraser's flawed description of the St. Cecilia Society's concert era has been cited and repeated by numerous authors since 1854 as the definitive (and only) published first-person account of this musical phenomenon.

Oscar Sonneck's influential text, "Early Concert-Life in America" (1907), was the first scholarly publication to acknowledge the musical prominence of Charleston's St. Cecilia Society, but Sonneck also lamented that the early history of this organization appeared to have been lost. [Sonneck, "Early Concert-Life in America", 16.] Subsequent twentieth-century musicologists merely repeated Sonneck's assessment of the society without adding further insight or detail. [See, for example, Howard, "Our American Music", 26; Chase, "America’s Music", 95; Davis, "A History of Music in American Life", 1: 49–50; Hamm, "Music in the New World", 98; Hindman, "Concert Life in Ante Bellum Charleston," 89-96; Bagdon, "Musical Life In Charleston, South Carolina, from 1732 to 1776 As Recorded In Colonial Sources," 174-84; Crawford, "America’s Musical Life", 86. ]

Outside of musicological circles, Harriott Horry Rutledge Ravenel's "Charleston: The Place and the People" (1906) was the first local history text to offer a brief glimpse into the history of the St. Cecilia Society, based largely on her own first-hand experiences. Despite having attended the society's balls since the early 1850s, Mrs. Ravenel's brief assessment of the St. Cecilia Society's concert era is based entirely on Charles Fraser's 1854 synopsis. In the course of the twentieth century, scores of books and articles about Charleston and its cultural heritage have included some mention of the St. Cecilia Society. With very little variation, such works routinely echo the words of Fraser, Sonneck, and/or Ravenel, and offer no new factual information. [The most recently published example of this phenomenon is James Hutchisson's 2006 article "The Rites of St. Cecilia," which contains a large number of historically inaccurate statements.] Nicholas Butler's recently-published monograph "Votaries of Apollo: The St. Cecilia Society and the Patronage of Concert Music in Charleston, South Carolina, 1766-1820" (2007), represents the first scholarly effort to reconstruct the details of the St. Cecilia Society's fifty-four years of concert activity, and is based entirely on extant archival materials from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Current Activity

Between the cessation of its concert patronage in 1820 and the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the St. Cecilia Society continued its activities by presenting an annual series of three or four elegant balls. The economic downturn of the 1930s induced the society to limit its activities to a single ball, however, and this pattern continues to the present day. [See the extant invitations in the "St. Cecilia Society Collection" at the South Carolina Historical Society.]

During its first century, the St. Cecilia Society's membership included the gentlemen of Charleston's socio-economic elite---a group that included representatives of a broad range of professions and backgrounds. [Butler, "Votaries of Apollo," 273-78] As the city's population expanded and more men sought to be included in this prestigious organization, however, the society established new restrictions on membership in an effort to prevent its events from swelling to an unmanageable size. For more than a century now, the society has limited its membership to the male descendants of earlier members---a move that has effectively closed the organization to anyone without deep roots in Charleston. [See Joseph W. Barnwell's discussion of his experiences in the St. Cecilia Society between the mid-1870s and the late 1920s in his unpublished memoirs, "Joseph W. Barnwell Papers," South Carolina Historical Society.] The St. Cecilia Society continues to flourish in the twenty-first century, but two hundred years of social changes have sapped much of its original vitality. Due to its popular reputation as an ancient, hyper-exclusive organization, the society is frequently portrayed in the media as an exaggerated romantic synecdoche for the historic "charm" of the city of Charleston. The modern St. Cecilia Society of Charleston strives to eschew public notice, however, as it attempts to preserve its narrowly-defined, time-honored cultural traditions.

Footnotes

References

Bagdon, Robert Joseph. "Musical Life In Charleston, South Carolina, from 1732 to 1776 As Recorded In Colonial Sources." Ph.D. diss., University of Miami, 1978.

Barnwell, Joseph W., manuscript collection of personal Papers, South Carolina Historical Society.

Butler, Nicholas Michael. "Votaries of Apollo: The St. Cecilia Society and the Patronage of Concert Music in Charleston, South Carolina, 1766-1820". Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007.

Chase, Gilbert. "America’s Music". 3d ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

Crawford, Richard. "America’s Musical Life". New York: Norton, 2001.

Davis, Ronald L. "A History of Music in American Life, Vol. 1, The Formative Years, 1620–1865". Malabar, Fla.: Robert Krieger, 1982.

Doyle, Don. "New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

Fraser, Charles. "Reminiscences of Charleston". Charleston, S.C.: John Russell, 1854.

Hamm, Charles. "Music in the New World". New York: Norton, 1983.

Hindman, John Joseph. "Concert Life in Ante Bellum Charleston." Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971.

Howard, John Tasker. "Our American Music: Three Hundred Years of It". New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1931.

Hutchisson, James. "The Rites of St. Cecilia." "Charleston Magazine", March 2006, 118-25.

Ravenel, Mrs. St. Julien [Harriott Horry Rutledge] . "Charleston: The Place and the People". New York: Macmillan, 1906.

Sonneck, Oscar. "Early Concert-Life in America". Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, 1907.

"St. Cecilia Society Collection," South Carolina Historical Society.