Phytic acid

Phytic acid

:"IP6 redirects here. For the Internet Protocol, see IPv6"Chembox new
Name = Phytic acid
ImageFile = Phytate.png ImageName =
IUPACName =
Section1 = Chembox Identifiers
CASNo = 83-86-3
SMILES = C1(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))
C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C1(OP(=O)(O)(O))

Section2 = Chembox Properties
Formula = C6H18O24P6
MolarMass = 660.08 g/mol
Density =
MeltingPt =
BoilingPt =

Phytic acid (known as inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), or phytate when in salt form) is the principle storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. [http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/phytic-acid.php Phytic acid ] ]

Inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3) are also called phytates.

ignificance in agriculture

Phosphorus in phytate form is, in general, not bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because they lack the digestive enzyme phytase, which is required to separate phosphorus from the phytate molecule. On the other hand, ruminants readily utilize phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms.Citation
last = Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
publication-date = 2002
year = 2002
title = Animal diet modification to decrease the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution
series = Issue Paper No. 21
publication-place = Ames, IA, USA
publisher = CAST
]

In most commercial agriculture, non-ruminant livestock such as swine and fowl are fed mainly grains such as soybeans and maize. Because phytate from these grains is unavailable for absorption, the unabsorbed phytate passes through the gastrointestinal tract, elevating the amount of phosphorus in the manure. Excess phosphorus excretion can lead to environmental problems such as eutrophication. [ Citation
last = Mallin
first = Michael A.
last2 = Cahoon
first2 = Lawrence B.
title = Industrialized animal production: A major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems
journal = Population and Environment
volume = 24
issue = 5
pages = 369-385
publication-date = May 2003
year = 2003
doi = 10.1023/A:1023690824045
]

The bioavailability of phytate phosphorus can be increased by supplementation of the diet with phytase enzyme.Fact|date=April 2007 Also, viable low-phytic acid mutant lines have been developed in several crop species in which the seeds have drastically reduced levels of phytic acid and concomitant increases in inorganic phosphorus.Fact|date=April 2007 However, reported germination problems have hindered the use of these cultivars thus far.Fact|date=April 2007

Phytates also have the potential to be used in soil remediation, to remove uranium, nickel and other inorganic contaminants. [ Citation
last = Seaman
first = John C.
last2 = Hutchison
first2 = Jessica M.
last3 = Jackson
first3 = Brian P.
last4 = Vulava
first4 = Vijay M.
title = In situ treatment of metals in contaminated soils with phytate
journal = J. Environ. Qual.
volume = 32
pages = 153-161
year = 2003
]

Food science

Phytic acid is found within the hulls of nuts, seeds, and grains. In-home food preparation techniques can reduce the phytic acid in all of these foods. Simply cooking the food will reduce the phytic acid to some degree. More effective methods are soaking in an acid medium, lactic acid fermentation, and sprouting. [ [http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=6108&isbn=9780849361081&parent_id=&pc= CRC Press Online ] ]

Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, and can therefore contribute to mineral deficiencies in people whose diets rely on these foods for their mineral intake, such as those in developing countries. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12949395&query_hl=16 Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace el... [J Nutr. 2003 - PubMed Result ] ] It also acts as an acid, chelating the vitamin niacin, which is basic, causing the condition known as pellagra. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=3xWt_kWk6L8C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=pellagra+lime&source=web&ots=td9ZcEcI_t&sig=laf2B53JcTiJ9w3CPUAgXaRC0Eo&hl=en#PPA47,M1] ] In this way, it is an anti-nutrient. For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those in developing countries, this effect can be undesirable.

"Probiotic lactobacilli, and other species of the endogenous digestive microflora as well, are an important source of the enzyme phytase which catalyses the release of phosphate from phytate and hydrolyses the complexes formed by phytate and metal ions or other cations, rendering them more soluble ultimately improving and facilitating their intestinal absorption" [Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G. Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(6):1132-5. Entrez Pubmed|16095846]

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) can reduce phytic acid effects on iron [ [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=186682 Ars | Publication Request: Meat And Ascorbic Acid Can Promote Fe Availability From Fe-Phytate But Not From Fe-Tannic Acid Complexes ] ]

Therapeutic uses

Phytic acid may be considered a phytonutrient, providing an antioxidant effect. [The Journal of Environmental Nutrition (April 2004 volume 27 issue 4)] Phytic acid's same mineral binding properties may also prevent colon cancer by reducing oxidative stress in the lumen of the intestinal tract. [ [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3778S Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic - Vucenik and Shamsuddin 133 (11): 3778S - Journal of Nutrition ] ] Researchers now believe that phytic acid, found in the fiber of legumes and grains, is the major ingredient responsible for preventing colon cancer and other cancers. [ [http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/8/1547 Phytic acid in wheat bran affects colon morphology, cell differentiation and apoptosis - Jenab and Thompson 21 (8): 1547 - Carcinogenesis ] ]

Phytic acid's chelating effect may serve to prevent, inhibit, or even cure some cancers by depriving those cells of the minerals (especially iron) they need to reproduce. The deprivation of essential minerals like iron would, much like other broad treatments for cancers, also have negative effects on non-cancerous cells. It is unknown whether this would affect other cells in the body that require iron (such as red blood cells) or whether the deprivation of minerals is more localized to the internal colon region.Fact|date=April 2007

Phytic acid has no known toxicity and is not known to cause mutagenic activity.Fact|date=April 2007 It may have more therapeutic value when added to water rather than when naturally absorbed in foods, as it is difficult to free from fiber.Fact|date=April 2007

Phytic acid is one of few chelating therapies used for uranium removal.Fact|date=May 2008

As a food additive, phytic acid is used as a preservative with E number E391.Fact|date=April 2007

Food must be well cooked in order to free IP6 from the fiber and enable it to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal system.Fact|date=April 2007 IP6 rarely appears in soluble fiber. It is usually attached to the bran, the hard (insoluble) fiber, which is difficult to digest.Fact|date=April 2007 IP6 is found in legumes, peas, wheat, barley, and oats.Fact|date=April 2007 Of any studied legumes, whole soybeans have the highest levels of phytic acid.Fact|date=April 2007

Those who argue for the beneficial effects of phytic acid and freeing it up for interaction with the system through cooking, do not argue that cooking destroys the phytic acid;Fact|date=April 2007this is a major difference between those arguing for the merits of processed grain products.Fact|date=April 2007

References

ee also

* Phytase

External links

* [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3778S "Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic" (scientific publication}]
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/sardi/sardi39.html The Overlooked Cancer Cure From Japan]


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • phytic acid — ˈfī]d.]ik , ˈfi], ]t], ]ēk noun Etymology: phytic from Phytin + ic : an acid C6H6(OPO3H2)6 obtained on acidification of Phytin salt that yields inositol and phosphoric acid on hydrolysis; inositol hexa phosphoric acid ester * * * /fuy tik, fit… …   Useful english dictionary

  • phytic acid — /fuy tik, fit ik/, Chem. a white to pale yellow, water soluble liquid, C6H18O24P6, found in cereal grains: used chiefly to chelate heavy metals during the manufacture of animal fats and vegetable oils and as a water softening agent. [1905 10;… …   Universalium

  • phytic acid — The hexakisphosphoric ester of myo inositol; the mixed salt with magnesium and calcium is phytin. * * * phy·tic acid .fīt ik n an acid C6H18P6O24 that occurs in cereal grains and that when ingested interferes with the intestinal absorption of… …   Medical dictionary

  • phytic acid — noun The compound inositol hexaphosphoric acid present in cereals etc as alkali and alkaline earth salts; it is a source of phosphorus for ruminants but is indigestible for carnivores See Also: phytase, phytate …   Wiktionary

  • phytic acid — Inositol hexaphosphate, found in plant cells, especially in seeds, where it acts as a storage compound for phosphate groups …   Dictionary of molecular biology

  • phytic acid — A substance found in many foods that come from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans, and in large amounts in cereals and legumes. It is being studied in the prevention of cancer. Also called inositol hexaphosphate and IP6 …   English dictionary of cancer terms

  • Inositol — myo Inositol[1] …   Wikipedia

  • Ácido fítico — Nombre (IUPAC) sistemático …   Wikipedia Español

  • Antioxidant — Model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. The yellow sphere is the redox active sulfur atom that provides antioxidant activity, while the red, blue, white, and dark grey spheres represent oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms,… …   Wikipedia

  • Sprouting — For blood vessel sprouting, see Angiogenesis#Sprouting angiogenesis. Mixed bean sprouts …   Wikipedia

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