- Phytic acid
:"IP6 redirects here. For the Internet Protocol, see
IPv6 "Chembox new
Name = Phytic acid
ImageFile = Phytate.png
ImageName =
IUPACName =
Section1 = Chembox Identifiers
CASNo = 83-86-3
SMILES = C1(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))
C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C(OP(=O)(O)(O))C1(OP(=O)(O)(O))
Section2 = Chembox Properties
Formula = C6H18O24P6
MolarMass = 660.08 g/mol
Density =
MeltingPt =
BoilingPt =Phytic acid (known as
inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), or phytate when insalt form) is the principle storage form ofphosphorus in manyplant tissues, especiallybran andseed s. [http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/phytic-acid.php Phytic acid ] ]Inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3) are also called phytates.
ignificance in agriculture
Phosphorus in phytate form is, in general, not bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because they lack the digestiveenzyme phytase , which is required to separate phosphorus from the phytate molecule. On the other hand, ruminants readily utilize phytate because of the phytase produced byrumen microorganism s.Citation
last = Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
publication-date = 2002
year = 2002
title = Animal diet modification to decrease the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution
series = Issue Paper No. 21
publication-place = Ames, IA, USA
publisher = CAST]In most commercial
agriculture , non-ruminantlivestock such asswine andfowl are fed mainlygrain s such assoybean s andmaize . Because phytate from these grains is unavailable for absorption, the unabsorbed phytate passes through thegastrointestinal tract , elevating the amount of phosphorus in the manure. Excess phosphorus excretion can lead to environmental problems such aseutrophication . [ Citation
last = Mallin
first = Michael A.
last2 = Cahoon
first2 = Lawrence B.
title = Industrialized animal production: A major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems
journal = Population and Environment
volume = 24
issue = 5
pages = 369-385
publication-date = May 2003
year = 2003
doi = 10.1023/A:1023690824045]The bioavailability of phytate phosphorus can be increased by supplementation of the diet with
phytase enzyme .Fact|date=April 2007 Also, viable low-phytic acid mutant lines have been developed in several crop species in which the seeds have drastically reduced levels of phytic acid and concomitant increases in inorganic phosphorus.Fact|date=April 2007 However, reported germination problems have hindered the use of these cultivars thus far.Fact|date=April 2007Phytates also have the potential to be used in soil remediation, to remove uranium, nickel and other inorganic contaminants. [ Citation
last = Seaman
first = John C.
last2 = Hutchison
first2 = Jessica M.
last3 = Jackson
first3 = Brian P.
last4 = Vulava
first4 = Vijay M.
title = In situ treatment of metals in contaminated soils with phytate
journal = J. Environ. Qual.
volume = 32
pages = 153-161
year = 2003]Food science
Phytic acid is found within the hulls of
nut s,seed s, andgrain s. In-home food preparation techniques can reduce the phytic acid in all of these foods. Simply cooking the food will reduce the phytic acid to some degree. More effective methods are soaking in an acid medium, lactic acid fermentation, and sprouting. [ [http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=6108&isbn=9780849361081&parent_id=&pc= CRC Press Online ] ]Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as
calcium ,magnesium ,iron , andzinc , and can therefore contribute to mineral deficiencies in people whose diets rely on these foods for their mineral intake, such as those indeveloping countries . [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12949395&query_hl=16 Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace el... [J Nutr. 2003 - PubMed Result ] ] It also acts as an acid, chelating the vitaminniacin , which is basic, causing the condition known aspellagra . [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=3xWt_kWk6L8C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=pellagra+lime&source=web&ots=td9ZcEcI_t&sig=laf2B53JcTiJ9w3CPUAgXaRC0Eo&hl=en#PPA47,M1] ] In this way, it is ananti-nutrient . For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those indeveloping countries , this effect can be undesirable."
Probiotic lactobacilli, and other species of the endogenous digestive microflora as well, are an important source of the enzyme phytase which catalyses the release of phosphate from phytate and hydrolyses the complexes formed by phytate and metal ions or other cations, rendering them more soluble ultimately improving and facilitating their intestinal absorption" [Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G. Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(6):1132-5. Entrez Pubmed|16095846]Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) can reduce phytic acid effects on iron [ [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=186682 Ars | Publication Request: Meat And Ascorbic Acid Can Promote Fe Availability From Fe-Phytate But Not From Fe-Tannic Acid Complexes ] ]Therapeutic uses
Phytic acid may be considered a
phytonutrient , providing anantioxidant effect. [TheJournal of Environmental Nutrition (April 2004 volume 27 issue 4)] Phytic acid's same mineral binding properties may also preventcolon cancer by reducingoxidative stress in the lumen of theintestinal tract . [ [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3778S Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic - Vucenik and Shamsuddin 133 (11): 3778S - Journal of Nutrition ] ] Researchers now believe that phytic acid, found in thefiber oflegume s and grains, is the major ingredient responsible for preventing colon cancer and other cancers. [ [http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/8/1547 Phytic acid in wheat bran affects colon morphology, cell differentiation and apoptosis - Jenab and Thompson 21 (8): 1547 - Carcinogenesis ] ]Phytic acid's chelating effect may serve to prevent, inhibit, or even cure some cancers by depriving those cells of the minerals (especially iron) they need to reproduce. The deprivation of essential minerals like iron would, much like other broad treatments for cancers, also have negative effects on non-cancerous cells. It is unknown whether this would affect other cells in the body that require iron (such as
red blood cells ) or whether the deprivation of minerals is more localized to the internal colon region.Fact|date=April 2007Phytic acid has no known toxicity and is not known to cause mutagenic activity.Fact|date=April 2007 It may have more therapeutic value when added to water rather than when naturally absorbed in foods, as it is difficult to free from fiber.Fact|date=April 2007
Phytic acid is one of few chelating therapies used for uranium removal.Fact|date=May 2008
As a
food additive , phytic acid is used as apreservative withE number E391.Fact|date=April 2007Food must be well cooked in order to free IP6 from the fiber and enable it to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal system.Fact|date=April 2007 IP6 rarely appears in soluble fiber. It is usually attached to the bran, the hard (insoluble) fiber, which is difficult to digest.Fact|date=April 2007 IP6 is found in legumes,
peas ,wheat ,barley , andoat s.Fact|date=April 2007 Of any studied legumes, whole soybeans have the highest levels of phytic acid.Fact|date=April 2007Those who argue for the beneficial effects of phytic acid and freeing it up for interaction with the system through cooking, do not argue that cooking destroys the phytic acid;Fact|date=April 2007this is a major difference between those arguing for the merits of processed grain products.Fact|date=April 2007
References
ee also
*
Phytase External links
* [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3778S "Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic" (scientific publication}]
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/sardi/sardi39.html The Overlooked Cancer Cure From Japan]
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