Cuisine of Hawaii

Cuisine of Hawaii

Modern cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many cuisines brought by multi-ethnic immigrants to the islands, particularly of American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian and Portuguese origins, and including food sources from plants and animals imported for Hawaiian agricultural use from all over the world. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch featuring the Asian staple, two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad (consisting of macaroni noodles and mayonnaise), and a variety of different toppings ranging from the hamburger patty, a fried egg, and gravy of a Loco Moco, Japanese style Tonkatsu or the traditional lu'au favorite, Kalua Pig.

History

Pre-contact period

When Polynesian seafarers arrived on the Hawaiian Islands in 300–500 AD,Ref_label|A|a|none few edible plants existed in the new land, aside from a few ferns and fruits that grew at higher elevations. Botanists and archaeologists believe that these voyagers introduced anywhere between 27 and possibly more than 30 plants to the islands, mainly for food.harvnb|Laudan|1996|p=216.] The most important of them was taro.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=478.] For centuries taro, and the "poi" made from taro, was the main staple of their diet, and it is still much loved today. In addition to taro, sweet potatoes and yams were planted. The Marquesans, the first settlers from Polynesia, brought breadfruit and the Tahitians later introduced the baking banana. These settlers from Polynesia also brought coconuts and sugarcane.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=479.] They found plenty of fish, shellfish, and limu in the new land. Flightless birds were easy to catch and nests were full of eggs for the taking. Most Pacific Islands had no meat animals except bats and lizards, so ancient Polynesians sailed the Pacific with pigs, chickens and dogs as cargo.harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=135-138.] Pigs were raised for religious sacrifice, and the meat was offered at altars, some of which was consumed by priests and the rest eaten in a mass celebration. The early Hawaiian diet was diverse, and may have included as many as 130 different types of seafood and 230 types of sweet potatoes.harvnb|Adams|2006|pp=90-92.] Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction.harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=139.]

Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii, and "Inamona", a relish made of roasted, mashed "kukui" nutmeats, sea salt and sometimes mixed with seaweeds, often accompanied the meals. At important occasions, a traditional feast, "‘aha‘aina", was held. When a woman was to have her first child, her husband started raising a pig for the "‘Aha‘aina Mawaewae" feast that was celebrated for the birth of a child. Besides the pig, mullet, shrimps, crab, seaweeds and taro leaves were required for the feast.harvnb|Choy|Cook|2003|pp=12-13.] The modern name for such feasts, "lū‘au", was not used until 1856, replacing the Hawaiian words "‘aha‘aina" and "pā‘ina". [harvnb|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=214.] The name "lū‘au" came from the name of a food always served at a "‘aha‘aina" — young taro tops baked with coconut milk and chicken or octopus.

Prior to cooking, pigs and dogs were killed by strangulation or by holding their nostrils shut, in order to conserve the animal's blood.harvnb|Schwabe|1979|p=171.] Meat was prepared by flattening out the whole eviscerated animal and broiling it over hot coals, or it was spitted on sticks. Large pieces of meat, such as fowl, pigs and dogs, would be typically cooked in earth ovens, or spitted over a fire during ceremonial feasts.harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=3-5.] Hawaiian earth ovens, known as an "imu", combine roasting and steaming in a method called "kālua". A pit is dug into earth and lined with volcanic rocks and other rocks that do not split when heated to a high temperature, such as granite.harvnb|Choy|Cook|2003|p=16.] A fire is built with embers, and when the rocks are glowing hot, the embers are removed and the foods wrapped in "ti", ginger or banana leaves are put into the pit, covered with wet leaves, mats and a layer of earth. Water may be added through a bamboo tube to create steam. The intense heat from the hot rocks cooked food thoroughly — the quantity of food for several days could be cooked at once, taken out and eaten as needed, and the cover replaced to keep the remainder warm.harvnb|Kane|1998|p=53.] Sweet potatoes, taro, breadfruit and other vegetables were cooked in the "imu", as well as fish. Saltwater eel was salted and dried before being put into the "imu".harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=271-273.] Chickens, pigs and dogs were put into the "imu" with hot rocks inserted in the abdominal cavities. Men did all of the cooking, and food for women was cooked in a separate "imu", afterwards men and women ate meals separately.Ref_label|B|b|none The ancient practice of cooking with the "imu" continues to this day. [harvnb|Corum|2000|p=3.]

Post-contact period

In 1778, Captain James Cook visited the island of Niihau, leaving a ram goat, ewes, a boar, an English sow, and seeds for melons, pumpkins, and onions.harvnb|HRHAS|1850|pp=45-46.] In 1793, Captain George Vancouver brought the first cattle to the islands; longhorns from California were presented to King Kamehameha I.harvnb|Loomis|2006|p=8.] harvnb|Barnes|1999|pp=27-28.] With no natural predators, the new cattle multiplied out of control; the king hired an American man named John Parker to capture and domesticate cattle. Many of the cattle were butchered and beef was introduced to Hawaiian cuisine.

In 1813, pineapple was first cultivated in Honolulu by Don Francisco de Paula Marin,harvnb|Paul|2003|p=253.] a Spanish botanist and advisor to King Kamehameha I. Although grape vines were introduced by Captain Vancouver around 1792, Marin is credited with the first Hawaiian vineyard in 1815 and planting the now rare Mission grape variety.harvnb|Miller|Bazore|Robbins|2002|p=30.] Marin also brewed the first beer in 1812, and planted the first coffee crop in 1817, but his plantings failed.harvnb|Miller|Bazore|Robbins|2002|pp=25-26.] Marin, called "Manini" by the Hawaiians, experimented with planting oranges, limes, beans, cabbages, potatoes, peaches, melons, maize and lettuce. He was the first to boil potatoes for the king.Fact|date=January 2008

By the late 19th century, pineapple and sugarcane plantations owned and run by American settlers took over much of Hawaii's land, and these two crops became the most important sources of revenues for the Hawaiian economy.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=477.]

Ethnic foods

As the plantations expanded the demand for labor grew, so the plantation owners hired immigrant workers, which included Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Filipinos, and Portuguese. Each ethnic group wanted its own food in workplaces, and farms and grocery markets were established. The Chinese immigrants brought Cantonese cuisine, cooking the first stir fry, sweet and sour, and dim sum dishes in the Islands,harvnb|Henderson|1994|p=18.] and replaced poi with rice, adding their own herbs and spices. Chinese rice growers imported familiar fish varieties from Asia to stock local streams and irrigation ditches.harvnb|Gabaccia|2000|p=66.]

Korean immigration to Hawaii brought kimchi and built barbecue pits to cook marinated meats. Korean style bulgogi or boneless meat with moderately-sweet garlic sauce and galbi or meat with bones and moderately-sweet garlic sauce as well, and another Korean favorite bibimbab or mixed rice with seasoned vegetables, kimchi, namul, sweet and spicy gochujang and bulgogi topping also became an integral part of Hawaiian cuisine. [Poet Paul Lee's commentary for this article, May 14, 2008]

The Portuguese immigrants came to Hawaii from the Azores in the late 19th century,harvnb|Laudan|1996|p=134.] introducing their foods with an emphasis on pork, tomatoes and chili peppers, and built "forno", their traditional beehive oven, to make "Pão Doce", the Portuguese sweet bread and malasada. Whalers brought in salted fish, which ultimately became lomi-lomi salmon. The Japanese brought bento and sashimi, and, although many of their vegetable seeds would not grow in the climate of the Islands, they succeeded in making tofu and soy sauce.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=478.] The homes of Japanese immigrants lacked ovens, so their cooking relied on frying, steaming, broiling, and simmering, leading to the popularization of tempura and noodle soups in Hawaii. By the early 20th century, the Japanese were the largest ethnic group and rice became the third largest crop in the Islands.harvnb|Laudan|1996|p=5.]

Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1900, contributing spicy, Spanish-seasoned thick soups, casseroles, and meat turnovers. Filipinos reached Hawaii in 1909, bringing peas and beans, the adobo style of vinegar and garlic dishes, choosing to boil, stew, broil, and fry food instead of baking, and eating sweet potatoes as a staple instead of rice. Samoans arrived in 1919, building their earth ovens above ground instead of below like the "imu", and made poi from fruit instead of taro. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, Vietnamese immigrants arrived, [harvnb|Corum|2000|p=194.] and Thai and Vietnamese cuisine was added to the menu, featuring Southeast Asian lemongrass, fish sauce and galangal.

Late 19th century - 20th century

The first restaurant in Honolulu was opened in 1849 by a Portuguese man named Peter Fernandez. Situated behind the Bishop & Co. bank, the establishment was known as the "eating house" and was followed by other restaurants, such as Leon Dejean's "Parisian Restaurant" at the corner of Hotel and Fort Streets. [harvnb|Rea|Ting|1991|p=30.] In 1872, the Royal Hawaiian Hotel opened on Hotel Street, and as one of the most refined hotels in the Pacific, it catered to wealthy clients. The Royal Hawaiian dining room served dishes on par with the best restaurants in Europe, with an 1874 menu offering dishes such as mullet, spring lamb, chicken with tomatoes, and Cabinet Pudding. [harvnb|Rea|Ting|1991|p=48.]

The massive pineapple industry of Hawaii was born when the "Pineapple King", James Dole, planted pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901. In 1922, Dole purchased the island of Lanai for a large-scale pineapple production. By 1950, his Hawaiian Pineapple Company was the largest pineapple company in the world.

In 1905, George R. Carter, Territorial Governor of Hawai'i, promoted increasing local agricultural production saying that "there was a time when Hawaii supplied California with flour, also potatoes and other vegetables. Now California produces her own and sends part of the surplus here." Newspaper editorials of the time also questioned why locally-grown guavas were rotting on the ground while agribusiness were planting non-native pineapples in Hawaii. These concerns were not addressed until almost a century later, when the regional cuisine movement began encouraging the food industry to "grow local, buy local, and eat local." [harvnb|Adams|2006|p=10] Since the 1970s, pineapples were grown more cheaply in Southeast Asia, so the Hawaiian agriculture has taken a diverse approach, producing a variety of crops including squash, tomatoes, chili peppers and lettuce. From 1978-1988, chefs who came to Hawaii would avoid Hawaii-grown ingredients like their European counterparts, preferring to ship everything in from the U.S. mainland, or as far away as Australia, New Zealand, and Europe.harvnb|Henderson|1994|p=xvi]

In August 1991, a group of chefs in Hawaii came together to form an organization to create a new American regional cuisine, highlighting Hawaii's locally grown ingredients and diverse ethnic styles. In 1992, twelve chefs including Sam Choy, George Mavrothalassitis, Alan Wong, and Roy Yamaguchi, came together to sponsor a cookbook to be sold for charity.harvnb|Laudan|1996|p=7.] The goal of this new group of chefs was to link local agriculture with the restaurant industry, making Hawaii Regional Cuisine a reflection of the community. For this, they took an uninspired international hotel cuisine based on imported products and replaced it with a cuisine based on locally grown foods.Japanese-American baker Robert Taira, came up with a recipe for the Hawaiian version of Portuguese sweet bread in the 1950s. Taira began to commercially produce the bread in Hawaii, and it became successful in Honolulu bakeries and coffee shops, with plant production expanding to California and South Carolina. By the 1980s, Taira's company, King's Hawaiian Bakery, was grossing US$20 million annually.

Don the Beachcomber, a former bootlegger, opened what is acknowledged to be the first of Tiki restaurants, and claims the creation of the mai tai. As servicemen and servicewomen from the Pacific theater of World War II began coming home they brought recipes and tastes that could not be satisfied at the Italian, French, and American restaurants of the era. Tiki restaurants soon began appearing that were often accompanied by tiki bars with tropical drinks. One of these chains that took advantage of this new clientele with a taste for the exotic was run by Trader Vic. Of the 26 restaurants which at one time existed, only a few, such as the Emeryville location, remain. Much of the food served at tiki restaurants is considered to be Cantonese cuisine, but the fusion of Hawaiian ingredients is what made it tiki.

Ingredients

Vegetables, fruits and nuts

*Taro ("Colocasia esculenta"): A popular and ancient plant that has been harvested for at least 30,000 years by indigenous people in New Guinea.harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=252-267.] There are hundreds of varieties of taro, and the corm of the wetland variety makes the best "poi", as well as taro starch or flour. The dry-land variety has a crispy texture and used for making taro chips. The smaller Japanese variety is used for stewed dishes.
*Breadfruit ("Artocarpus altilis")
*Candle Nut ("Aleurites moluccana") or Kukui: Roasted kernels traditionally used as candles; main ingrediet in the ancient Hawaiian condiment, 'inamona
*Coconut ("Cocos nucifera")
*Polynesian Arrowroot ("Tacca leontopetaloides") or "pia" plant: Primary thickener. Cooked arrowroot is mixed with papaya, banana, or pumpkin in baked deserts. Haupia, a Hawaiian coconut cream pudding, uses pia as a thickener.
*Ki (also Ti) ("Cordyline fruticosa"): After distillation technique came to Hawaii, the root of the ti was turned into liquor called 'okolehao'
*Winged Beans ("Psophocarpus tetragonolobus")

Meat

Pork

;SpamThe Hormel company's canned meat product Spam has been highly popular in Hawaii for decades. Hawaiians are the second largest consumers of Spam in the world, right behind Guam. Originally brought to Hawaii by American servicemen in their rations,harvnb|Kulick|Meneley|2005|p=187.] Spam became an important source of protein for locals after fishing around the Islands was prohibited during World War II. In 2005, Hawaiians consumed more than five million cans of Spam.harvnb|Adams|2006|p=58-59.]

Spam is used in local dishes in a variety of ways, most commonly fried and served with rice. In breakfast, fried eggs are often served together. Spam can also be wrapped in "ti" and roasted, skewered and deep fried, or stir-fried with cabbage. It is added to saimin or fried rice, mashed with tofu, or served with cold sōmen or baked macaroni and cheese. It is also used in chutney for pupu, in sandwich with mayonnaise, or baked with guava jelly. Spam musubi, a slice of sweet and salty marinated Spam tied to a cake of rice with a strip of nori, is very popular as a snack in Hawaii. Spam musubi is served in sushi restaurants in Hawaii, having become popular in the 1980s.

Beef

In the 19th century, John Parker brought over Mexican cowboys to train the Hawaiians in cattle ranching. The Hawaiian cowboys of Kamuela and Kula came to be called "paniolos". Cattle ranching grew rapidly for the next one hundred years. In 1960, half of the land in Hawaii was devoted to ranching for beef export, but by 1990 the number had shrunk to 25 percent.harvnb|Miller|Latham|Flynn|1998|p=83.] The "paniolos" chewed "pipikaula" ("beef rope"), a salted and dried beef that resembles beef jerky. "Pipikaula" would usually be broiled before serving. [harvnb|Choy|Cook|2003|p=63.] With the influence of Asian cooking, beef strips are commonly marinated in soy sauce. When beef is dried in the sun, a screened box is traditionally used to keep the meat from dust and flies. Dried meat could often be found as a relish or appetizer at a "lū‘au".harvnb|Adams|2006|p=98.]

Fish and seafood

Tuna is the most important fish in Hawaiian cuisine.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=480.] Varieties include the skipjack tuna ("aku"), the yellowfin tuna ("ahi"), and the albacore tuna ("tombo"). Ahi in particular has a long history, since ancient Hawaiians used it on long ocean voyages because it is well preserved when salted and dried.harvnb|Laudan|1996|p=265-276.] A large portion of the local tuna fishery goes to Japan to be sold for sashimi. Tuna is eaten as sashimi in Hawaii as well, but is also grilled or sautéed, or made into poke.

The Pacific blue marlin ("kajiki") is barbecued or grilled, but should not be overcooked due to its very low fat content. The broadbill swordfish ("shutome"), popular and shipped all over the mainland United States, is high in fat and its steaks may be grilled, broiled, or used in stir-fries. The groupers ("hapuu") are most often steamed. The red snapper ("onaga") is steamed, poached, or baked. The pink snapper ("opakapaka") has a higher fat, and is steamed or baked, served with a light sauce. The Wahoo ("ono") is grilled or sautéed, and the dolphin fish ("mahimahi") is usually cut into steaks and fried or grilled. The moonfish ("opah") is used for broiling, smoking, or making sashimi.

pices

Teriyaki is the most popular way of treating meats, including Spam.

*Five spice
*Char siu
*Wasabi
*Patis and Bagoong, Fish sauces
*Jicama
*Shoyu (Soy sauce)
*Huli-huli sauce

Dishes

* Chicken long rice - Chicken cooked with chicken broth, ginger, green onions, and long rice
* Kalua Pig - Pulled pork with marinated, steamed cabbage
* Crack seed
* Kona coffee
* Lau lau - Steamed fish and pork wrapped in taro leaves and a ti leaf, also can include chicken, chicken-only, or pork-only
* Loco Moco - Hamburger patties served with gravy and topped with two eggs
* Lomi salmon - Sushi-grade salmon cubed combined with tomatoes, Maui onions, and chili pepper
* Malasada - Portuguese donut deep fried and coated with sugar
* Manapua - Pidgin for bao, usually filled with char siu
* Mochi
* Musubi
* Opihi
* Pasteles
* Poi - Mashed taro root
* Portuguese sweet bread
* Saimin - Noodle soup dish with various meats and/or dumplings
* Squid luau

Poke

Poke is a local cuisine that originally involved preserving raw fish with sea salt and rubbing ("lomi") it with seasonings or cutting it into small pieces. Seasonings made of seaweed, kukui nut, and sea salt were traditionally used for the Hawaiian poke. Since first contact with Western and Asian cultures, green onions, chili peppers, and soy sauce have become common additions to it.harvnb|Piianaia|2007|loc= [http://www.waimeagazette.com/sept97_poke.htm Waimea Gazette] .] Poke is different from sashimi, since the former is usually rough-cut and piled onto a plate, and can be made with less expensive pieces of fish.harvnb|Nenes|2007|p=485.]

During the early 1970s, poke became an appetizer to have with beer or to bring to a party.harvnb|Long|2003|pp=116.]

Plate lunch

Usually served during lunch, plate lunch consists of an entreé of meat or seafood, two scoops of rice, and macaroni salad.

Drinks

*Hawaiian tropical tiki cocktails like the Blue Hawaii and the Mai-Tai make use of rum. The Mai-Tai uses Barbadian, Jamaican, or Haitian rum. Hana Bay rum used to be produced in Hana, Maui, but is now produced in the Virgin Islands and bottled on the U.S. mainland. The rum is blended with a variety of tropical fruit juices and served with a decorative piece of fruit.harvnb|Schindler|Schindler|1981|p=14.]
* "Okolehao" is a traditional Hawaiian liquor made from "ti" plant, which often accompanies "lu'au".
* Kava ("Piper methysticum") (okinaawa) is a traditional beverage of Oceania thought to have originated in Vanuatu.harvnb|Brennan|2000|p=230-231.] In modern times, kava bars have experienced some popularity in Hawaii, with commercial kava plantations on Maui, Molokai, Kauai, and Oahu.
* Hawaii wine is produced mostly on the island of Maui and the island of Hawaii. The state mainly produces fruit wine such as a pineapple sparkling wine. There are also a number of local breweries on the island of Hawaii, with the largest being the Kona Brewing Company in Kailua-Kona.
*Hawaii beer is represented by the largest brewpub in the state, Kona Brewing Company‎. From 1901-1998, "Primo" was one of the most popular Hawaiian beers, now defunct. Historically, craft beers (microbrews) have been slow to take off in Hawaii due to a restrictive state law on brewpub sales. However, the law changed in 2003, and growlers are now available. Sam Choy's Big Aloha beer is one popular microbrew.harvnb|Adams|2007|loc= [http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Nov/28/il/hawaii711280363.html The Honolulu Advertiser] .]

Notes and references

Notes

a. Note_label|A|a|none The early settlement history of Hawaiʻi is not completely resolved. One theory is that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaiʻi in the third century from the Marquesas and were followed by Tahitian settlers in 1300 AD who conquered the original inhabitants. Another is that there was an extended period of contact but not necessarily for a Tahitian invasion.harvnb|Kirch|2001|p=80.]

b. Note_label|B|b|none Men and women ate their meals separately to preserve the distinction between male and female "mana", which was thought to be blurred by both sexes handling the same food. In addition, some foods were forbidden to women, such as pork, certain kinds of fish and most types of bananas.

References

Bibliography


* Citation
last = Adams
first = Wanda A.
author-link =
title = The Island Plate: 150 Years of Recipes and Food Lore from the Honolulu Advertiser
publisher = Island Heritage Publishing
year = 2006
location = Waipahu, Hawaiokinai
pages =
url = http://www.islandheritage.com
isbn =
.
*Citation
last = Adams
first = Wanda A.
title = Cheers to cooking with beer
work = Taste
publisher = The Honolulu Advertiser
pages = 3E
year = 2007
date = 2007-11-28
url = http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Nov/28/il/hawaii711280363.html
.
* Citation
last = Barnes
first = Phil
author-link =
title = A Concise History of the Hawaiian Islands
publisher = Petroglyph Press
year = 1999
location =
url =
isbn = 0912180560
.
*Citation
last = Paul
first = Robert E.
coauthors = Ching-Cheng Chen
contribution = Postharvest Physiology, Handling and Storage of Pineapple
editor-last = Bartholomew
editor-first = Robert E.
title = The Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses
pages = 253
publisher = CABI Publishing
year = 2003
isbn = 0851995039
.
* Citation
last = Brennan
first = Jennifer
author-link =
title = Tradewinds & Coconuts: A Reminiscence & Recipes from the Pacific Islands
publisher = Periplus
year = 2000
location =
url =
isbn = 9625938192
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
* Citation
last = Choy
first = Sam
author-link = Sam Choy
title = Sam Choy's Poke: Hawaiokinai's Soul Food
publisher = Mutual Publishing
year = 1999
location = Honolulu, Hawaii
pages =
url = http://www.mutualpublishing.com
isbn = 1566472539
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
* Citation
first = Sam
last = Choy
author-link = Sam Choy
first2 = Lynn
last2 = Cook
title = Sam Choy & the Makaha Sons' A Hawaiian Lū‘au
publisher = Mutual Publishing
year = 2003
isbn = 1566475732
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
* Citation
last = Corum
first = Ann Kondo
author-link =
title = Ethnic Foods of Hawaiokinai
publisher = The Bess Press
year = 2000
location =
pages =
url =
isbn = 1573061174
.
* Citation
last = Gabaccia
first = Donna R.
author-link =
title = We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans
publisher = Harvard University Press
year = 2000
location =
pages =
url =
isbn = 0674001907
.
* Citation
last = HRHAS
first = (Honolulu Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society)
title = Transactions of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society
volume = 1. no. 1
publisher = Henry M. Whitney
year = 1850
location = Honolulu, HI
pages = 45–46
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ruc3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage
.
* Citation
last = Henderson
first = Janice Wald
author-link =
title = The New Cuisine of Hawaii: Recipes from the Twelve Celebrated Chefs of Hawaii Regional Cuisine
publisher = Villard Books
year = 1994
location = New York
pages =
url =
isbn = 0679425292
.
*Citation
last = Kamakau
first = Samuel M.
title = The Works of the People of Old
publisher = Bishop Museum Press
date = 1992
location = Honolulu, HI
pages =
isbn = 0910240183
.
* Citation
last = Kane
first = Herb Kawainui
title = Ancient Hawaii
publisher = Kawainui Press
year = 1998
isbn = 0943357039
.
*Citation
last=Kirch
first=Patrick Vinton
title=On the Road of the Winds: an Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact
publisher=University of California Press
year=2001
isbn = 0-520-23461-8

* Citation
last = Kulick
first = Don
last2 = Meneley
first2 = Anne
author-link =
title = Fat: the Anthropology of an Obsession
publisher = Tarcher
year = 2005
chapter = Spam in History
location =
pages =
isbn = 1585423866
.
* Citation
last = Laudan
first = Rachel
author-link =
title = The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii's Culinary Heritage
publisher = University of Hawaiokinai Press
year = 1996
location = Seattle
pages =
url = http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/flypage&product_id=324&category_id=b3e6237d1b1b3b8594488ed1c40d0dfb&PHPSESSID=6b6a32abcd32b2e6be35b8dcebce1d52
isbn = 0824817788
.
* Citation
last = Long
first = Lucy M.
author-link =
title = Culinary Tourism
publisher = University Press of Kentucky
year = 2003
location =
pages =
url =
isbn = 0813122929
.
*Citation
last = Loomis
first = Ilima
title = Rough Riders: Hawaii's Paniolo and Their Stories
publisher = Island Heritage Publishing
year = 2006
location =
pages =
isbn = 1597000175
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
*Citation
last1 = MacCaughey | first1 = Vaughan
editor-last = Shreve
editor-first = Forrest
title = The Native Bananas of the Hawaiian Islands
journal = The Plant World
volume = 21
pages = 1–12
publisher = Plant World Association, Wild Flower Preservation Society
location = Baltimore, MD
year = 1918
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KSRMAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage
.
*Citation
last = Malo
first = David
title = Hawaiian Antiquities
publisher = Bishop Museum Press
date = 2005
location = Honolulu, HI
pages =
isbn = 0910240159
.
* Citation
first = Cary D.
last = Miller
first2 = Katherine
last2 = Bazore
first3 = Ruth C.
last3 = Robbins
title = Some Fruits of Hawaii: Their Composition, Nutritive Value and Use in Tested Recipes
publisher = University Press of the Pacific
year = 2002
isbn = 1410203476
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
* Citation
first = Sally M.
last = Miller
first2 = A.J.H
last2 = Latham
first3 = Dennis Owen
last3 = Flynn
title = Studies in the Economic History of the Pacific Rim
publisher = Routledge
year = 1998
isbn = 0415148197
.
* Citation
last = Nenes
first = Micheal F.
author-link =
title = American Regional Cuisine
chapter = Cuisine of Hawaii
publisher = Wiley
year = 2007
location =
pages =
url =
isbn = 0471682942
.
* Citation
last = Philpotts
first = Kaui
author-link =
title = Great Chefs of Hawaiokinai
publisher = Mutual Publishing
year = 2004
location = Honolulu, Hawaii
pages =
url = http://www.greatchefs.com
isbn = 1566475953
ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
.
*Citation
last = Piianaia
first = Nancy
title = Poke: Hawai‘i's "Numbah One" Choice
newspaper = Waimea Gazette
pages =
year = 2007
date=September 2007
url = http://www.waimeagazette.com/sept97_poke.htm
accessdate = 2007-11-13
.
* Citation
last = Pukui
first = Mary Kawena
last2 = Elbert
first2 = Samuel H.
title = Hawaiian Dictionary
publisher = University of Hawai‘i Press
year = 1986
location = Honolulu
pages =
url =
isbn = 0-8248-0703-0
.
* Citation
last = Rea
first = Pat
last2 = Ting
first2 = Regina
title = A Hundred Years of Island Cooking
publisher = Hawaiian Electric Company
year = 1991
location =
pages =
url =
isbn =
.
*Citation
last = Salama
first = Toni
title = A little Hilo history
newspaper = The Seattle Times
year = 2007
date=2007-12-02
url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/travel/2004040424_hilohistory02.html
accessdate = 2007-11-13
.
* Citation
last = Schindler
first = Roana
last2 = Schindler
first2 = Gene
title = Hawaiian Cookbook
publisher = Dover Publications
year = 1981
isbn = 0486241858
.
* Citation
last = Schwabe
first = Calvin, W.
title = Unmentionable Cuisine
publisher = University Press of Virginia
year = 1979
isbn = 0813911621
.
* Citation
last = Shintani
first = Terry
title = Hawaii Diet
publisher = Atria
year = 1999
isbn = 0671026666
.
* Citation
last = Tabrah
first = Ruth M.
author-link =
title = Hawaii: A History
year = 1984
publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
location =
pages =
url =
isbn = 0393302202
.

External links

* [http://www.hawaii.gov/hidocs/hmp.html Hawaii Mixed Plate Cookbooks: A Bibliography]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Hawaii regional cuisine — See also: Hawaiian cuisine Hawaii regional cuisine, abbreviated to HRC, is two concepts; It s the moniker for a style of cooking, and secondly, it’s the name a group of twelve chefs gave their organization which began as a drinking club. At their …   Wikipedia

  • Cuisine of the United States — The cuisine of the United States is a style of food preparation derived from the United States. The cuisine has a history dating back before the colonial period when the Native Americans had a rich and diverse cooking style for an equally diverse …   Wikipedia

  • Hawaii Hotel Chuangchun (Changchun) — Hawaii Hotel Chuangchun country: China, city: Changchun (City) Hawaii Hotel Chuangchun Location Hawaii Hotel Chuangchun is located in the Economic Development Zone and has direct bus access to Renmin Square in the city centre.Rooms The hotel has… …   International hotels

  • Cuisine des États-Unis — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cuisine américaine. La cuisine des États Unis est extrêmement diversifiée et difficile à définir, les États Unis ayant attiré des immigrants du monde entier, chacun apportant sa culture et ses goûts culinaires. D …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Cuisine of the Western United States — The Western United States has its own cuisine, distinct in various ways from that of the rest of the country.[1] Those states west of Texas, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska would be considered part of this area, as would, in some cases, western… …   Wikipedia

  • Hawaii — This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii. For its Big Island , see Hawaii (island). For other uses, see Hawaii (disambiguation). For geographic details, see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands. Coordinates …   Wikipedia

  • Hawaii — /heuh wuy ee, wah , wah yeuh, hah vah ee/, n. 1. a state of the United States comprising the N Pacific islands of Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, and Oahu: a U.S. territory 1900 59; admitted to the Union 1959. 965,000;… …   Universalium

  • Cuisine of the Midwestern United States — Chicago style deep dish pizza …   Wikipedia

  • Cuisine of the Southern United States — See also: List of foods of the Southern United States Dark red states considered Southern; medium red usually considered Southern; striped states occasionally considered Southern.[1] …   Wikipedia

  • Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies — North American colonies 1763–76 The cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies includes the foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of the British colonies in North America before the establishment of the United States in the 1770s and 1780s. It was… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”