George P. Chrousos

Infobox_Scientist
name = George P. Chrousos


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birth_date = birth date and age|1951|07|18
birth_place = Patras, Greece
residence = Greece, USA
nationality = Greece, American
field = Clinical Medicine, Biology, Biochemistry
work_institution = University of Athens, NIH
alma_mater =
doctoral_advisor =
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George P. Chrousos is professor and chairman of the first department of pediatrics at the Athens University Medical School and former Senior Investigator, Director of the pediatric endocrinology Section and Training Program, and chief of the pediatric and reproductive endocrinology branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Chrousos has also been professor of pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics at Georgetown University Medical School.

Dr. Chrousos is among the 200 most prominent clinical investigators in the world. He has authored more than 1000 scientific publications, has edited 23 books and his work has amassed over 40,000 citations. Fact|date=March 2008

Biography

Chrousos was born and raised in Patras, Greece, where he finished his high school studies with summa cum laude. He attended the University of Athens Medical School with a national merit scholarship throughout his education and finished as the valedictorian of his class in 1975. He started his training in internal medicine and completed his doctorate thesis at the University of Athens. Subsequently, he completed his residency in pediatrics at New York University Medical School, New York, NY, and his fellowship in endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. He is Board Certified in Pediatrics/ Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes. From 1981 to 1989, when he undertook the directorship of the ACGME-accredited Combined NIH/Georgetown University Pediatric Endocrinology Training Program, Dr. Chrousos was a Senior Investigator and head of a world class clinical and laboratory biomedical research unit. Under his leadership, this unit continued to grow and produce new knowledge at the NIH and in Athens up to this day. Between 1981 and 1985 Dr. Chrousos went rapidly through the academic hierarchy steps from Assistant Professor to Full Professor of Pediatrics. In 1990 he also became Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at the same University, while in 1999 he was elected full Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Athens.

Biomedical Research and Interests

In his long tenure as a researcher, Dr. Chrousos has focused his research on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has extensively studied the neuroendocrine alterations associated with mood disorders, sleep, pain perception, and immune function. His clinical and laboratory program is recognized worldwide for its extensive and highly original work on the glucocorticoid signaling system, diseases of the HPA axis, such as Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and the physiologic and molecular mechanisms of stress. Early in his career, Dr. Chrousos described in the Journal of Clinical Investigation the Glucocorticoid Resistance Syndrome, a rare but unique and interesting genetic disease of the glucocorticoid receptor that causes hypertension and hyperandrogenism in children and adults. Subsequently, Dr. Chrousos contributed the majority of the international original publications on this syndrome, which has served as a highly informative model of the study of the physiologic functions of these key steroid hormones that regulate the homeostasis of the organism and are critical for its survival.

Chrousos has contributed immensely to the biomedical literature and his work has provided new insights into a spectrum clinical conditions and disorders that transcend the limits of classical Endocrinology, such as pregnancy, human development, surgical stress, sleep, and septic shock, as well as chronic complex disorders such as depression, eating disorders, and autoimmune –inflammatory diseases. He has an outstanding record of over 1000 scientific papers, has also edited 23 books, including 2 popular electronic volumes and 2 encyclopedias, and his work has been cited over 40,000 scientific articles, an irrefutable testimony to the importance and influence of his research on international biomedical science and clinical practice. He is one of the most cited physician scientists in the world (Institute of Scientific Information, ISI highly cited) both in the fields of Clinical Medicine and Biology and Biochemistry. In the ISI highly cited are included the 200 best cited scientists and physicians by field. Clinical Medicine includes all subspecialties of Internal Medicine, Surgery and Laboratory Medicine. Dr. Chrousos’s published work also has an extremely high impact factor of over 5500 and H index of over 100, two other objective markers of worldwide influence in the sciences. Dr. Chrousos has published his work in journals of the highest caliber, such as the New England Journal of Medicine, in which he has a record of over 16 full publications, the Journal of Clinical Investigation, the Annals of Internal Medicine, PNAS, Science, Nature, etc.

Teaching

Chrousos’s work has educated a broad community of physicians and biomedical scientists around the world. As a teacher and mentor, he has helped to develop the careers of over 60 young physicians and scientists, many of whom are now professors and chairpersons in Europe, the United States, Australia and Latin America. An outstanding teacher, he has had a number of visiting professorships and given prestigious and named lectures throughout the world. Dr. Chrousos has directed several training programs for physicians for many years, taught at the University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece, for 10 years (1980-1990) and was the first General Director of the Foundation of Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens (2001-2002).

Honors

Chrousos has received numerous national and international awards for his work, including election to membership in the prestigious American Society of Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians. He has received the 1987 Richard Weitzman and 1997 Clinical Investigator Awards of the US Endocrine Society, the 1997 Hans Selye Award of the Hans Selye, Foundation, the 1999 Novera Herbert Spector Award of the Internattional Society of Neuroimmunomodulation, the 2002 Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer Medal of the British Endocrine Societies, the 2004 Lifetime Achievement Award of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology, and others. Dr. Chrousos was inducted as a Master of both the American College of Endocrinology (MACE) and the American College of Physicians (MACP), and holds Doctor Honoris Causa from the Universities of Liege, Belgium and Ancona, Italy. Dr. Chrousos is President Elect of the European Society of Clinical Investigation.

elected Papers

Original

*Chrousos G.P., Renquist D., Brandon D., Eil C., Pugeat M., Vigersky R., Cutler G.B., Loriaux D.L., Lipsett M.B. (1982) Glucocorticoid Resistance and Primate Evolution: Receptor-mediated Mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 179: 2036-2040.
*Chrousos G.P., Vingerhoeds A., Brandon D., Pugeat M., Eil C., Loriaux D.L., Lipsett M.B. (1982) Primary Cortisol Resistance in Man: A Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Disease. J. Clin. Invest. 69: 1261-1269.
*Chrousos G.P., Schulte H.M., Oldfield E.H., Gold P.W., Cutler G.B. Jr., Loriaux D.L. (1984) The Corticotropin Releasing Factor Stimulation Test: An Aid in the Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 310: 622-627.
*Gold P.W., Gwirtzman H., Avgerinos P., Nieman L.K., Gallucci W.T., Kaye W., Jimerson D., Ebert M., Rittmaster R., Loriaux D.L., Chrousos G.P. (1986) Abnormal Hypothalamic-pituitary-Adrenal Function in Anorexia Nervosa: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Underweight and Weight-corrected Patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1335-42.
*Udelsman R., Gallucci W.T., Ramp J., Goldstein D.S., Lipford R., Norton J.A., Loriaux D.L., Chrousos G.P. (1986) Adaptation during Surgical Stress: A Reevaluation of the Role of Glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 1377-1381.
*Luger A., Deuster P., Kyle S.B., Gallucci W.T., Montgomery L.C., Gold P.W., Loriaux D.L., Chrousos G.P. (1987) Acute Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Responses to the Stress of Treadmill Exercise: Physiologic Adaptations to Physical Training. N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 1309-1315.
*Calogero A., Gallucci W.T., Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. (1988) Multiple Regulatory Feedback Loops on Hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Secretion. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 767-774.
*Hurley D., Accilli D., Stratakis C., Karl M., Vamvakopoulos N., Rorer E., Constantine K., Taylor S., Chrousos G.P. (1991) Mutation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Familial Glucocortcoid Resistance. J Clin Invest 87:680-686.
*Karalis C., Sano H., Redwine J., Listwak S., Wilder R., Chrousos G.P. (1991) Autocrine or Paracrine Inflammatory Actions of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone In Vivo. Science 254:421-423.
*Vamvakopoulos N.C., Chrousos G.P. (1993) Evidence of Direct Estrogen Regulation of Human Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Gene Expression: Potential Implications for the Sexual Dimorphism of the Stress Response and Immune/Inflammatory Reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 92:1896-1902.
*Tsigos C., Arai K., Hung W., Chrousos G.P. (1993) Hereditary Isolated Glucocorticoid Deficiency is Associated with Abnormalilties of the Adrenocorticotropin Receptor Gene. J. Clin. Invest. 92:2461-2485.
*Magiakou M.A., Mastorakos G., Oldfield E.H., Gomez M.T., Doppman J.L., Cutler G.B. Jr., Nieman L.K., Chrousos G.P. (1994) Cushing Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Presentation, Diagnosis and Therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:629-36.
*Bamberger C.M., Bamberger A.M., De Castro M., Chrousos G.P. (1995) Glucocorticoid Receptor- Beta, a Potential Endogenous Inhibitor of Glucocorticoid Action in Humans. J. Clin. Invest. 95:2435-2441.
*Latronico A.C., Anasti J., Arnhold I.J.P., Rapaport R., Mendonca B.B., Bloise W., de Castro M., Tsigos G., Chrousos G.P. (1996) Testicular and Ovarian Resistance to Luteinizing Hormone Caused by Homozygous Inactivating Mutations of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:507-512.
*Webster E.L., Lewis D.B., Torpy D.J., Zachman E.K., Rice K.C., Chrousos G.P. (1996) In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of Antalarmin, a Nonpeptide Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Receptor Antagonist: Suppression of Pituitary ACTH Release and Peripheral Inflammation. Endocrinology 137:5747-5750.
*Vgontzas A.N., Papanicolaou D.A., Bixler E.O., Kales A., Tyson K., Chrousos G.P. (1997) Elevation of Plasma Cytokines in Disorders of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Role of Sleep Disturbance and Obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1313-1316.
*Kino T., Gragerov A., Kopp J.B., Stauber R.H., Pavlakis G.N., Chrousos, G.P. (1999) The HIV-1 Virion-associated Protein Vpr is a Coactivator of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor. J. Exp. Med. 89:51-61.
*Vgontzas, A. N., Papanicolaou, D. A., Bixler, E. O., Lotsikas, A., Zachman, K., Kales, A., Prolo, P., Wong, M., Licinio, J., Gold, P. W., Hermida, R. C., Mastorakos, G., Chrousos G.P., (1999) Circadian Interleukin-6 Secretion and Quality and Depth of Sleep, J. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84:2603-2607.
*Vgontzas A., Bixler E.O., Lin H.-M., Prolo P., Mastorakos G., Vela-Bueno A., Kales A., Chrousos G.P.(2001) Chronic Insomnia is Associated with Nyctohemeral Activation of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86: 3787-3794
*Makrigiannakis A., Zoumakis E., Kalantaridou S., Coutifaris C., Coukos, G., Rice K., Gravanis, A. and Chrousos G. P. (2001) Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) Promotes Blastocyst Implantation and Early Maternal Tolerance. Nature Immunology 2:1018-24
*Charmandari E, Kino T, Souvatzoglou E, Vottero A, Bhattacharayya N, and Chrousos GP (2004) Natural Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutants Causing Glucocorticoid Resistance: Molecular Genotype, Genetic Transmission and Clinical Phenotype. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89: 1939-1949.
*Kino T, Ichijo T, Tiulpakov A Chheng L, Kozasa T and. Chrousos GP (2005) The GTP-binding (G) Protein β Interacts with the Activated Glucocorticoid Receptor and Suppresses Its Transcriptional Activity in the Nucleus. J Cell Biol 20;169(6):885-96.
*Kino T, Ichijo T, Amin ND, Kesavapany S, Amin ND, Wang Y, Kim N, Player A, Garabedian MJ, Kawasaki E, Pant HC and Chrousos GP (2007) Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 Differentially Regulates the Transcriptional Activity of the Glucocorticoid Receptor through Phosphorylation: Clinical Implications for the Nervous System Response to Glucocorticoids and Stress. Mol Endocrinol. [Epub ahead of print] .

Complete reviews

*Chrousos G.P., Schuermeyer T., Oldfield E., Doppman J., Schulte H.M. Gold P.W., Loriaux D.L. (1985) The Clinical Applications of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor. Ann. Int. Med. 102: 344-358.
*Gold P.W., Goodwin F., Chrousos, G.P. (1988) Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression: Relationship to the Neurobiology of Stress. (Part I and Part 2) N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 348-353 and 319: 413-420
*Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W. (1992). The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244-1252.
*Chrousos G.P., Detera-Wadleigh S., Karl M. (1993) Syndromes of Glucocorticoid Resistance. Ann. Int. Med., 119:1113-1124.
*Chrousos G.P. (1995) The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med.332:1351-1362.
*Papanicolaou D.A., Wilder R.L., Manolagas S.C., Chrousos G.P. (1998) The Pathophysiologic Roles of Interleukin-6 in Humans. Ann. Intern. Med. 128:127-137.
*Chrousos G.P. (1998) Stressors, Stress and Neuroendocrine Integration of the Adaptive Response: 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 851:311-335.
*Chrousos G.P., Torpy D., Gold P.W. (1998) Interactions Between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis and the Female Reproductive System: Clinical Implications. Ann. Intern. Med.129:229-240.
*Elenkov, I.J., Chrousos, G.P. (1999) Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2-patterns, Pro/Anti- Inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease. Trends Endo Metab., 10:359-368
*Bornstein S.R., Stratakis C.A., Chrousos G.P.(1999) Adrenocortical Tumors: Recent Advances in Basic Concepts and Clinical Management. Ann. Intern. Med. 130:759-771.
*Chrousos G. P., (2000) The Stress Response and Immune Function: Clinical Implications, The 1999 Novera H. Spector Lecture. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 917:38-67.
*Koch C, Pacak K,Chrousos GP (2002) The Molecular Pathogenesis of Hereditary and Sporadic Adrenocortical and Adrenomedullary Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87: 5367-5384
*Merke, D.P., Bornstein S. R., Avila N. and Chrousos G.P. (2002) Future Directions in the Study and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. Ann. Internal Med. 136:320-334
*Chrousos GP and Kino T (2005) Intracellular Glucocorticoid Signaling: A Formerly Simple System Turns Stochastic. Perspective, Science STKE. 304: pe48
*Kino T and Chrousos GP (2007) Virus-mediated Modulation of the Host Endocrine Signaling Systems: Clinical Implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 18: 159-166

References

* [http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?id=1318&cb=2 |ISI]