Gytheio

Infobox Greek Dimos
name = Gytheio
name_local = Γύθειο


periph = Peloponnese
prefec = Laconia
province = Gytheio
population = 7926
population_as_of = 2001
population_ref = [http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.pdf source]
pop_dens =
area =
elevation = 5
lat_deg = 36
lat_min = 46
lat_hem = N
lon_deg = 22
lon_min = 34
lon_hem = E
postal_code = 232 00
area_code = 27330
licence = ΑΚ
mayor =
website =

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caption_skyline =
city_

city_

districts =
party =
since =
elevation_min =
elevation_max =

Gytheio (Greek, Modern: Γύθειο, Ancient/Katharevousa: Γύθειον) (Meaning: Land of the Gods), also Gythio, Githeio, Githio, Gytheion or Yithion is a town in the prefecture of Laconia in Greece, long known as the seaport of Sparta some 40 km away. Gytheio used to be an important port for many centuries until it was destroyed by an earthquake. Today it is the largest and most important town in Mani. It is also the capital of the municipality of Gytheio.

Nearest Places

*South: Mavrovouni.
*West: Rachi
*North: Stefania
*East: Cranae

Historical population

Geography

Gytheio is located in the north-east corner of Mani. It lies on the north-western end of the Laconian Gulf. Gytheio was built on a hill called Koumaro or Larysio in one of the most fertile areas in Mani, near the mouth of the Gythius River, which is usually dry and has been given the nickname of Xerodas, meaning 'dry'. Further north-east is the delta of the Evrotas River. Gytheio is built on hilly ground overlooking the Laconian Gulf. Offshore of Gytheio are several small islands, the most important of these being Cranae, which is connected to the mainland by a causeway. Gytheio is only 40 km southeast of Sparta.

History

The reputed founders of ancient Gythium also Gytheum were Heracles and Apollo [Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+3.21.8 3.21.8] ] , who frequently appear on its coins or in other legends Castor and Pollux Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] : the former of these names may point to the influence of Phoenician traders from Tyre, who, we know, visited the Laconian shores at a very early period. [Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+3.21.6 3.21.6] ] It is thought that Gytheio may have been the center of their purple dye trade because the Laconian Gulf had a plentiful source of murex. In classical times it was a community of "Perioeci", politically dependent on Sparta, though doubtless with a municipal life of its own.

In 455 BC, during the First Peloponnesian War, it was burned by the Athenian admiral Tolmides who besieged the city with 50 ships and 4,000 hoplites. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] [Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.27.5 1.27.5] ] It was rebuilt and was most probably, the building ground for the Spartan fleet in the Peloponnesian War. In 407 BC during the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades landed there and saw the thirty triremes the Spartans were building there. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] [Xenophon, "Hellenica", 1, 4, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0206&layout=&loc=1.4.1 8–12] .] In 370 BC, the Thebans under the command of Epaminondas besieged the city successfully for three days after ravaging Laconia. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] However it was recaptured by the Spartans three days later.

In 219 BC, Philip V of Macedon tried to capture the city but without success. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] Under Nabis, Gythium became a major naval arsenal and port. During the Roman-Spartan War, Gythium was captured after a lengthy siege. After the war finished, Gythium was made part of the Union of Free Laconians under Achean protection. Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos. "Deep into Mani:Journey to the southern tip of Greece.", 21 ] Nabis recaptured Gythium three years and the Spartan fleet defeated the Achean fleet outside of Gythium. Gythium was liberated by a Roman fleet under the command of Atilius.

Subsequently Gythium formed the most important of the Union of Free Laconians, a group of twenty-four, later eighteen, communities leagued together to maintain their autonomy against Sparta and declared free by Caesar Augustus. [Pausanias [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+3.21.7 3.21.7] ] The highest officer of the confederacy was the general, who was assisted by a treasurer ("rauias"), while the chief magistrates of the several communities bore the title of ephors.

In Roman times Gythium remained a major port and it prospered as a member of the Union.cref|Roman Gythium Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos. "Deep into Mani:Journey to the southern tip of Greece.", 21] As purple dye was popular in Rome, Gythium exported that as well as porphyry and rose antique marble. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 302 ] Some time in the 4th century AD, Gythium was destroyed. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 303 ] What happened to Gythium is not recorded but it is thought to have been either sacked by Alaric and Visigoths, pillaged by the Slavs or destroyed by the massive earthquake that struck the area in 375 AD. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 303 ]

After the earthquake Gythium was abandoned. It remained a small village throughout the Byzantine and Ottoman times. Its importance grew when Antonbey Grogorakis built his tower at Cranae and more people came and settled at Gytheio. Fermor. "Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponesse.", 303 ] But during the Greek War of Independence, refugees flooded into Mani and made Gytheio a major town. Saïtis. "Mani.", 46-7 ]

The modern Gytheio opened a port in the 1960s. Ferries sail from Gytheio to Kythira almost daily and also to Crete twice a week. It is the See of the Diocese of Gytheion and Oitylo, headed by a Metropolitan bishop of the Orthodox Church of Greece. Gytheio is the largest and most important town in Mani. Most of the ruins of ancient Gythium are now submerged in the Laconian Gulf. It is also the capital of the municipality of Gytheio.

From 2003 to 2004, the show which was broadcast on Mega Channel "Vendetta", a drama-like show which is about a person that has its relatives in the Mani Peninsula was filmed here for a few episodes.

Persons

A famous Gytheio native is Tzannis Tzannetakis (b. September 12, 1927) who is a Greek politician.

Other

The geography of Gythio includes houses aligned with the hill and the Laconian Gulf. The port is situated around its main street which is also GR-37 which links Areopoli and GR-86. Pine trees are situated in the west and rocky mountains in the north.

Gytheio is well known for its delicious sea food.

Notes

Inline Citations

References

Primary Sources

*Livy, translated by Henry Bettison, (1976). Rome and the Mediterranean. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044318-5.
*Pausanias, translated by W.H.S Jones, (1918). Pausanias Description of Greece. London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.
*Polybius, translated by Frank W. Walbank, (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.

econdary Sources

*Collitz-Bechtel, Sammlung d. griech. Dialekt-Inschriften, iii. Nos. 4562-4573; British School Annual, x. 179 foll.
*Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, (2002). Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A tale of two cities. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26277-1
*E. Curtius, Peloponnesos, ii. 267 foll. Inscriptions: Le Bas-Foucart, Voyage archéologique, ii. Nos. 238-248 f.
*Patrick Leigh Fermor, (1984). Mani: Tavels in the Southern Peloponnese. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-011511-0
*Peter Greenhalgh and Edward Eliopoulos, (1985). Deep into Mani:Journey to the southern tip of Greece. London: Trinity Press ISBN 0-571-13524-2
*Peter Green, (1990). Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, (2nd edition). Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-500-01485-X.
*Rosemary Hall, Paul Hellander, Corinne Simcock and David Willet. Lonely Planet: Greece. Singapore: SNP Printing Pte Ltd. ISBN 0-86442-527-9
*Kyriakos Kassis, (1979). Mani's History. Athens: Presoft
*William Leake, Travels in the Morea, i. 244 foll.
* Maria Mavromataki, (2001). 8,500 Years of Civilization: Greece: Between Legend and History. Athens: Haïtalis. ISBN960-8284-01-5
*G. Weber, De Gytheo et Lacedaemoniorum rebus navalibus (Heidelberg, 1833)

External links

*http://www.gythio.net
* [http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?tb=1&city=Gythio&country=GR Mapquest - Gytheio] , street map not yet available
*Coordinates: coord|36|45|62|N|22|33|86|E|region:GR
* [http://www2.rgzm.de/Navis2/Home/HarbourFullTextOutput.cfm?HarbourNR=Gytheion]
* [http://www.piop.gr/%287B46754C3DF9777E6DDCD9F129DDB9152DE5B5C52C4605A4%29/PiopMuseum.asp?id=283&nt=18&Lang=1&MuseumID=277/ The Museum Of Olive And The Greek Oil - Sparta]