Consonant harmony

Sound change and alternation
Metathesis Quantitative metathesis
Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation L-vocalization Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis Anaptyxis Excrescence Prosthesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking
Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Fusion Cluster reduction
Cheshirization Compensatory lengthening Nasalization Tonogenesis Floating tone
Assimilation Coalescence Coarticulation Palatalization Velarization Labialization Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony
Dissimilation
Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Hiatus Synalepha  Elision Crasis Synaeresis and diaeresis Synizesis
Other types Rhotacism Rhinoglottophilia Sulcalization
view

Consonant harmony is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation akin to the similar assimilatory process involving vowels, i.e. vowel harmony.

Examples

A good discussion of consonant harmony typology is found in Rose and Walker's 2004 paper in the journal Language. "A Typology of Consonant Agreement as Correspondence."

One of the more common harmony processes is coronal harmony. This type of harmony affects the coronal fricatives, such as s and sh in a word, requiring all the coronal fricatives in the word to belong either to the +anterior class (s-like sounds) or the -anterior class (sh-like sounds). Such patterns are found in the Dene (Athabaskan) languages such as Navajo (Young and Morgan 1987, McDonough 2003), Tahltan (Shaw 1991), Western Apache, and in Chumash on the California coast (Applegate 1972, Campbell 1997), to name a few examples. In Tahltan, Shaw shows that the coronal harmony affects three coronal fricatives, s, sh and the interdental th. The following examples are given by de Ruese: in Western Apache, the verbal prefix si- is an alveolar fricative, as in the following forms:

• siką̄ą̄ "a container and its contents are in position"
• sitłēēd "mushy matter is in position"
• siyį̄į̄ "a load/pack/burden is in position"
• sinéʼ "three or more flexible objects are in position"
• siłāā "a slender flexible object is in position"
• siʼą̄ą̄ "a solid roundish object is in position"
• sitsooz "a flat flexible object is in position"
• siziid "liquid matter is in position"

However, when this prefix si- occurs before a verb stem that contains a post-alveolar affricate, the si- surfaces as the post-alveolar shi-:

• shijaa "three or more solid rigid inanimate objects are in position"

Thus all the sibilant obstruents (fricatives and affricates) in these languages are divided into two groups, +anterior (s, ts, dz) and -anterior (sh, ch, j). In Navajo, as in most languages with consonant harmony, there is a constraint on the shape of roots (a well-formedness constraint) that is identical to the harmony process. Thus all roots with sibiliant affricates or fricatives have the same value for anteriority. Shaw (1991) provides a phonological analysis of this process, using data from research on Tahltan language.

There are two interesting aspects of this process in Navajo. First, morphemes that participate are domain specific, only the two rightmost domains are affected (conjunct + stem). Verbal morphemes from the outer or 'disjunct' domain are not affected by the process; i.e. the process is morphologically conditioned. Second, the lateral affricate and fricative (dl, tł and ł) appear with both values. Young and Morgan (1987) offer an extensive sets of examples of this type of morpheme alternation in Navajo.

A different example of coronal harmony occurs in Sanskrit, where [n] is retroflexed to [ɳ] if certain consonants precede it in the same word, even at a distance.

Various Austronesian languages exhibit consonant harmony among the liquid consonants, with [r] assimilating at a distance to [l] or vice versa.

Guaraní shows nasal harmony, by which certain affixes have alternative forms according to whether the root includes a nasal (vowel or consonant) or not. For instance, the reflexive prefix is realized as oral je- when preceding an oral stem like juka "kill", but as nasal ñe- when preceding a nasal stem like nupã "hit", where the ã makes the stem nasal.

Some Finnish speakers find it hard to pronounce both 'b' and 'p' in foreign words (e.g. pubi), so they voice (bubi) or devoice (pupi) the entire word. It should however be noted that the distinction between these consonants is not native to Finnish.^[1] Native Finnish words do not use the letter 'b'.

See also

• Vowel harmony
• Dissimilation
• Fusion (linguistics)

Notes

1. ^ Finnish does have one native voiced stop, /d/, but it is not subject to similar behavior, e.g. tädit ("aunts"). This may be because the distinction between /t̪/ and /d/ involves the place of articulation (dental vs. alveolar) in addition to voice.

Bibliography

• Applegate, Richard. (1972). Ineseño Chumash Grammar. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• de Reuse, Willem J. (2006). A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. LINCOM.
• Rose, S. and R. Walker (2004). "A Typology of Consonant Agreement as Correspondence." Language 80:3: 475-531.
• McDonough, J. M. (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
• Shaw, P. (1991). Consonant harmony systems: the special status of coronal harmony. The special status of Coronal Harmony Ed. Prunet, Academic Press.
• Young, R. and W. Morgan (1987). The Navajo Language. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.