Keystone Pipeline

Keystone Pipeline
Keystone Pipeline
(Finished Phase 1) [1]
Location
Country Canada
United States
From Hardisty, Alberta
Passes through Regina, Saskatchewan
Steele City, Nebraska
To Wood River, Illinois
Patoka, Illinois (end)
General information
Type Crude oil
Owner TransCanada
Construction started 2008
Commissioned June 2010
Technical information
Length 3,456 km (2,147 mi)
Maximum discharge 0.59 Mbbl/d (~2.9×10^7 t/a)
Diameter 30 in (762 mm)
Number of pumping stations 39
Cushing Extension
(Finished Phase 2) [1]
Location
Country United States
From Steele City, Nebraska
To Cushing, Oklahoma
General information
Type crude oil
Commissioned February 2011
Technical information
Length 480 km (300 mi)
Diameter 36 in (914 mm)
Number of pumping stations 4
Gulf Coast Expansion (XL)
(Proposed Phase 3) [1]
Location
Country United States
From Cushing, Oklahoma
To Port Arthur, Texas
Houston, Texas
General information
Type crude oil
Expected 2013
Technical information
Length 700 km (430 mi)
Diameter 36 in (914 mm)
Gulf Coast Expansion (XL)
(Proposed Phase 4) [1]
Location
Country Canada
United States
From Hardisty, Alberta
Passes through Baker, Montana
To Steele City, Nebraska
General information
Type crude oil
Expected 2013
Technical information
Length 526 km (327 mi)
Diameter 36 in (914 mm)

The Keystone Pipeline System is a pipeline system to transport synthetic crude oil and diluted bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sands in northeastern Alberta, Canada to multiple destinations in the United States, which include refineries in Illinois, Cushing oil distribution hub in Oklahoma, and proposed connections to refineries along the Gulf Coast of Texas. It consists of the operational "Keystone Pipeline" (Phase 1) and "Keystone-Cushing Extension" (Phase 2), and two proposed Keystone XL pipeline expansion segments. After the Keystone XL pipeline segments are completed, American crude oil will enter the XL pipelines at Baker, Montana and Cushing, Oklahoma.[1]

The Keystone XL has faced lawsuits from oil refineries and criticism from environmentalists and some members of the United States Congress. The U.S. Department of State in 2010 extended the deadline for federal agencies to decide if the pipeline is in the national interest.

Contents

History

Keystone Pipeline

TransCanada Corporation proposed the project on February 9, 2005. In October 2007, the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada asked the Canadian federal government to block regulatory approvals for the pipeline, with union president Dave Coles stating that "the Keystone pipeline will exclusively serve US markets, create permanent employment for very few Canadians, reduce our energy security, and hinder investment and job creation in the Canadian energy sector".[2] However, the National Energy Board of Canada approved the construction of the Canadian section of the pipeline, including converting a portion of TransCanada's Canadian Mainline gas pipeline to crude oil pipeline, on September 21, 2007.[3] On March 17, 2008, the U.S. Department of State issued a Presidential Permit authorizing the construction, maintenance and operation of facilities at the United States and Canada border.[4]

On January 22, 2008, ConocoPhillips acquired a 50% stake in the project.[5] However, on June 17, 2009, TransCanada agreed that they would buy out ConocoPhillips' share in the project and revert to being the sole owner.[6] It took TransCanada more than two years to acquire all the necessary state and federal permits for the pipeline. Construction took another two years.[7] The pipeline became operational in June 2010.[8]

Keystone XL

The Keystone XL extension was proposed in 2008.[9] The application was filed in the beginning of 2009 and the National Energy Board of Canada started hearings in September 2009.[10] It was approved by the National Energy Board on March 11, 2010.[11] The South Dakota Public Utilities Commission granted a permit on February 19, 2010.[12]

The pipeline, however, has faced strong opposition from the environmental community. In its March 2010 report, the Natural Resources Defense Council stated that "the Keystone XL Pipeline undermines the U.S. commitment to a clean energy economy", instead delivering dirty fuel from oil sands and high costs.[13] On June 23, 2010, 50 Members of Congress spoke out against the Keystone XL pipeline. In their letter to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, they warned that "building this pipeline has the potential to undermine America's clean energy future and international leadership on climate change."[14][15] On July 6, 2010, House Energy and Commerce Committee chairman Henry Waxman urged the State Department to block Keystone XL, saying in a letter to the department that "this pipeline is a multi-billion dollar investment to expand our reliance on the dirtiest source of transportation fuel currently available".[16][17] On July 21, 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency said the draft environmental impact study for Keystone XL was inadequate and should be revised,[18][19] indicating that the State Department's original report was "unduly narrow" because it didn't fully look at oil spill response plans, safety issues and greenhouse gas concerns.[20] The final environmental impact report was released on August 26, 2011. It stated that the pipeline would pose "no significant impacts" to most resources if environmental protection measures are followed, but it would present "significant adverse effects to certain cultural resources". The final decision is expected by the end 2011.[21]

In November 2011, TransCanada announced that it would work with the U.S. Department of State and Nebraska to define a new pipeline route to avoid the Sandhills region and Ogallala aquifer in Nebraska.[22][23]

Route

Phase 1

The 3,456 kilometres (2,147 mi) long pipeline runs from Hardisty, Alberta to the United States refineries in Wood River, Illinois and Patoka, Illinois.[24] The Canadian section involves approximately 864 kilometres (537 mi) of pipeline converted from the Canadian Mainline natural gas pipeline and 373 kilometres (232 mi) of new pipeline, pump stations and terminal facilities at Hardisty, Alberta. The United States section is 2,219 kilometres (1,379 mi) long.[25] It runs through Buchanan, Clinton and Caldwell counties in Missouri, and Nemaha, Brown and Doniphan counties in Kansas.[8] Phase 1 went online in June 2010.

Phase 2

From Steele City, Nebraska, the 291 miles (468 km) Keystone-Cushing pipeline was routed through Kansas to the oil hub and tank farm in Cushing, Oklahoma in 2010 and went online in February 2011.[1]

Phase 3

This phase, known as Cushing MarketLink, is part of the Keystone XL pipeline. This proposed phase would start from Cushing, Oklahoma where domestic oil would be added to the pipeline, then it would expand 435 miles (700 km) to a delivery point near terminals in Nederland, Texas to serve the Port Arthur, Texas marketplace.[1] Also proposed is an approximate 47 miles (76 km) previous pipeline to transport crude oil from the pipeline in Liberty County, Texas to the Houston, Texas area.[1][26]

Domestic oil producers in the USA are pushing for this phase so the glut of oil can be distributed out of the large oil tank farms and distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma. On November 16, 2011, Enbridge announced it is buying ConocoPhillips’ 50 percent interest in the Seaway pipeline that flows from the Gulf of Mexico to the Cushing hub. They plan to reverse the Seaway pipeline so that an oversupply of oil at Cushing could reach the Gulf.[27] The Wrangler pipeline has been proposed from Cushing to the Gulf Coast as an alternative to the Keystone.[28]

Phase 4

This phase is part of the Keystone XL pipeline and would start from the same area in Alberta, Canada as the main pipeline.[9] The Canadian section would consist of 529 kilometres (329 mi) of new pipeline.[11] It would enter the United States at Morgan, Montana and travel through Baker, Montana where domestic oil would be added to the pipeline, then it would travel through South Dakota and Nebraska, where it would join the existing Keystone pipelines at Steele City, Nebraska.[1] This phase has generated the greatest controversy because its routing over the top of the Ogallala Aquifer in Nebraska.

Truck hauling 36-Inch pipe to build Keystone-Cushing Pipeline south-east of Peabody, Kansas, 2010

Description

The initial capacity of Keystone Pipeline is 435,000 barrels per day (69,200 m3/d) which will be increased up to 590,000 barrels per day (94,000 m3/d).[29] The diameter of the pipeline is 36 inches (910 mm).[30] It will have a minimum ground cover of 4 feet (1.2 m).[9] The Keystone XL will add 510,000 barrels per day (81,000 m3/d) increasing the total capacity up to 1.1 million barrels per day (170×10^3 m3/d).[29][30]

The original Keystone Pipeline cost $US5.2 billion with the Keystone XL expansion slated to cost approximately US$7 billion. The Keystone XL is expected to be completed by 2012–2013.[30]

Upon completion, the Keystone Pipeline System would provide 5 percent of the current U.S. petroleum consumption needs and represent 9 percent of U.S. petroleum imports.[31]

Partnership

The project was originally developed as a partnership between TransCanada and ConocoPhillips. Certain parties who have agreed to make volume commitments to the Keystone expansion have an option to acquire up to a combined 15% equity ownership.[30] One of such companies is Valero Energy Corporation.[32] On August 12, 2009, however, TransCanada received regulatory approval to purchase ConocoPhillips' interest in the project and is now the sole owner of the Keystone Pipeline System.[6]

Lawsuits

In September 2009, independent refiner CVR sued TransCanada's for Keystone Pipeline tolls seeking $250 million damage compensation or release from transportation agreements. CVR alleged that the final tolls for the Canadian segment of the pipeline were 145% higher than initially presented, while the tolls for the US segment were 92% higher.[33] In April 2010, three smaller refineries sued TransCanada to break Keystone transportation contracts, saying the new pipeline has been beset with cost overruns.[34]

In October 2009, a suit was filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council that challenged the pipeline on the grounds that its permit was based on a deficient environmental impact statement. The suit was thrown out by a federal judge on procedural grounds, ruling that the NRDC lacked the authority to bring it.[35]

Impacts

Environmental groups,[who?] citizens,[who?] and politicians[who?] have raised a number of concerns about the potential impacts of the Keystone XL extension. One concern is that the pipeline could pollute air and water supplies and harm migratory birds and other wildlife.[18] It will cross the Sandhills in Nebraska, the large wetland ecosystem, and the Ogallala Aquifer, one of the largest reserves of fresh water in the world.[36] The Ogallala Aquifer spans eight states, provides drinking water for two million people, and supports $20 billion in agriculture.[37] Critics are concerned that a major leak could ruin drinking water and devastate the mid-western U.S. economy.[38] Portions of the pipeline will also cross an active seismic zone that had a 4.3 magnitude earthquake as recently as 2002.[37] Opponents claim that TransCanada applied to the U.S. government to use thinner steel and pump at higher pressures than normal.[38]

Analysts believe that including the Alberta Clipper pipeline owned by TransCanada's competitor Enbridge, there is an extensive overcapacity of oil pipelines from Canada and after completion of the Keystone XL line oil pipelines to the U.S. will run nearly half-empty.[34] However, in its March 2010 report, the Natural Resources Defense Council stated that "the Keystone XL Pipeline undermines the U.S. commitment to a clean energy economy", instead delivering dirty fuel from oil sands and high costs.[13]

In December, 2010, No Tar Sands Oil campaign was launched. Sponsored by a number of action groups, including Corporate Ethics International, NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), Sierra Club, National Wildlife Federation, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and Rainforest Action Network and featuring TV ads on CNN, MSNBC, and Comedy Central, the $500,000 US campaign[39] asked that people urge President Obama to stop the Keystone XL pipeline from being built by visiting The National Wildlife Federation website.

Demonstration against the Keystone XL extension, White House, August 2011.

According to the National Wildlife Federation Action Fund, the President and US State Department have the power to require an additional Environmental Impact Assessment.[40] Members of Congress and the EPA requested this measure be taken.[41]

Concerns of bad sections of pipe using defective steel are causing areas of Keystone to be excavated and checked. PHMSA had earlier sent out warnings about some pipe swelling under pressure.[42]

In Kansas, local officials along the pipeline's path think that the state sold them out unnecessarily to get the pipeline. Due to an exemption the state gave TransCanada, the local authorities would not see any revenue from property taxes from the project for a decade, a loss they estimate at $50 million in public revenue.[20]

On August 21, 2011, the New York Times published an editorial opposing the Keystone XL pipeline because of the additional greenhouse gas emissions and the probability of oil spills in sensitive areas.[43]

While TransCanada has asserted that a set of 57 conditions will ensure Keystone XL's safe operation, investigative journalists have determined that all but a few of these conditions simply restate current minimum standards.[44]

In October 2011, the New York Times questioned the impartiality of the environmental analysis of the pipeline done by Cardno Entrix, an environmental contractor based in Houston. The study found that the pipeline would have `limited adverse environmental impacts,` but was authored by a firm that had "previously worked on projects with TransCanada and describes the pipeline company as a `major client` in its marketing materials." According to The Times, legal experts questioned whether the US government was "flouting the intent" of the Federal National Environmental Policy Act which "[was] meant to ensure an impartial environmental analysis of major projects."[45] The report prompted 14 senators and congressmen to ask the State Department inspector general on October 26 "to investigate whether conflicts of interest tainted the process" for reviewing environmental impact.[46] On November 11, 2011, it was announced that "the US Government has imperilled the future of TransCanada's Keystone XL by forcing the company to look at new routes [...]. The delay [caused by this revision of the project] could mean the end of Keystone XL". The motive invoked for the revision of the route is the protection of the Sand Hills area, a fragile environmental area in Nebraska.[47]

Support

TransCanada has replied by saying that development of oil sands will expand regardless of whether the crude oil is exported to the United States or alternatively to Asian markets through the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines or the Kinder Morgan's Trans-Mountain line.[48] TransCanada Corp. CEO Russ Girling argues that "the U.S. needs 10 million barrels a day of imported oil" and the debate over the proposed pipeline "is not a debate of oil versus alternative energy. This is a debate about whether you want to get your oil from Canada or Venezuela or Nigeria."[49] Girling has also argued that if Canadian oil doesn't reach the Gulf through an environmentally friendly buried pipeline, that the alternative is oil that will be brought in by tanker, a mode of transportation that produces higher greenhouse-gas emissions and that puts the environment at greater risk.[50]

Girling has described the Keystone Pipeline as "routine," noting that TransCanada has been building similar pipelines in North America for half a century and that there are 200,000 miles of similar coil pipe in the United States today. He also stated that the Keystone Pipeline will include 57 improvements above standard requirements demanded by U.S. regulators so far, making it "the safest pipeline ever built."[50]

In a speech to the Canadian Club in Toronto on September 23, 2011, Joe Oliver, Canada's Minister of Natural Resources, sharply criticized opponents of oil sands development and the pipeline, arguing that:

  • The total area that has been affected by surface mining represents only 0.1% of Canada's boreal forest.
  • The oil sands account for about 0.1% of global greenhouse-gas emissions.
  • Electricity plants powered by coal in the U.S. generate almost 40 times more greenhouse-gas emissions than Canada's oil sands (the coal-fired electricity plants in the State of Wisconsin alone produce the equivalent of the entire GHG emissions of the oil sands.
  • California bitumen is more GHG-intensive than the oil sands.

Oliver criticized opponents of the pipeline, stating that all of the above facts are ignored by "celebrity protestors."[51]

Writing in the National Post, Diane Francis argued that opposition to the Pipeline "ma[kes] no sense because emissions from the oil sands are a fraction of the emissions from coal and equivalent to California heavy crude oils or ethanol" and questioned why "None of these has been getting the same attention as the oil sands and this pipeline." She also argued that much of the opposition to the oil sands actually comes from foreign countries such as Nigeria, Venezuela, and Saudi Arabia, all of whom supply oil to the United States and who could be affected if the price of oil drops due to the new availability of oil from the pipeline. She cited as an example a recent effort by Saudi Arabia to stop television commercials by a pro-oil sands NGO called EthicalOil.org.[52][53]

Political issues

In February 2011, Reuters reported that Koch Industries were poised to be "big winners" from the pipeline.[54] In May 2011, Congressmen Waxman and Rush wrote a letter to the Energy and Commerce Committee which cited the Reuters story, and which urged the Committee to request documents from Koch Industries which relate to the Keystone XL pipeline.[55][56]

In response to negative publicity, president and CEO of TransCanada Russ Girling touted the positive impact of the project by "putting 20,000 US workers to work and spending $7 billion stimulating the US economy."[57] This has been disputed by an independent study conducted by the Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute which found that while the Keystone XL would result in 2,500 to 4,650 temporary construction jobs, this impact will be reduced by higher oil prices in the Midwest which will likely reduce national employment.[58]

Landowners in the path of the pipeline have complained about threats by TransCanada to confiscate private land and lawsuits to allow the "pipeline on their property even though the controversial project has yet to receive federal approval." As of 17 October 2011, TransCanada had "34 eminent domain actions against landowners in Texas" and "22 in South Dakota." Some of those landowners gave testimony for a House Energy and Commerce Committee hearing in May 2011.[59]

References

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  26. ^ TransCanada's quarterly profit rises to $390 million
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  28. ^ Enterprise and Enbridge propose Wrangler pipeline from Cushing to Gulf Coast; Bloomberg; September 29, 2011.
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  46. ^ Tar Sands Pipeline Probe Urged Sen. Bernie Sanders October 26, 2011
  47. ^ The Globe and Mail, November 11, 2011
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  51. ^ NOTA Bene, National Post, September. 24, 2011.
  52. ^ Foreign interests attack oil sands by Diane Francis, National Post, September 23, 2011.
  53. ^ Saudi oil's Ethical Warfare by Claudia Cattaneo, National Post, September 21, 2011.
  54. ^ Sassoon, David (2011-02-10). "Koch Brothers Positioned To Be Big Winners If Keystone XL Pipeline Is Approved". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/10/idUS292515702420110210. Retrieved 2011-08-25. 
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  • Keystone-Pipeline — Die Keystone Pipeline transportiert Athabasca Ölsande aus der westkanadischen Provinz Alberta zu Erdölraffinerien in Illinois and Oklahoma. Die Strecke von Alberta bis Steele City (Nebraska) ist 3.456 km lag; die Verlängerung bis Cushing… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Keystone Pipeline — Le Keystone Pipeline est un oléoduc exploité par TransCanada servant à transporter des hydrocarbures synthétiques et du bitume dilué depuis la région des sables bitumineux de l Athabaska, dans le nord est du Canada, vers plusieurs destinations… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Keystone — ist die englische Bezeichnung für den Schlussstein der Name verschiedener Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Keystone (Colorado) Keystone (Florida) Keystone (Indiana) Keystone (Iowa) Keystone (South Dakota) Keystone (West Virginia) Keystone… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System — The construction of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System was a massive undertaking involving tens of thousands of people often in extreme temperatures and conditions. Specialized construction techniques were pioneered to build the pipeline, most of… …   Wikipedia

  • Marion County, Kansas — For counties with a similar name, see Marion County (disambiguation). Marion County, Kansas Marion County Courthouse in Marion …   Wikipedia

  • Marion, Kansas —   City   Marion County Courthouse, 2009 …   Wikipedia

  • Ogallala Aquifer — Saturated thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer in 1997 after several decades of intensive withdrawals: The breadth and depth of the aquifer generally decrease from north to south …   Wikipedia

  • Clay County, Kansas — Location in the state of Kansas …   Wikipedia

  • Dickinson County, Kansas — Dickinson County Courthouse in Abilene …   Wikipedia

  • Cowley County, Kansas — Location in the state of Kansas …   Wikipedia

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