List of mammals of Canada

The North American Beaver, Castor canadensis, is the national animal of Canada

This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Canada. There are approximatively 200 mammal species native to Canada. Its large territorial size and variety of ecosystems, ranging from mountains to plains to urban housing, mean that Canada can harbour a great variety of species, including nearly half of the known cetaceans. The most well-represented order is that of the rodents, and the smallest that of the Didelphimorphia (common opossums).

Studies of mammals in Canada hearken back to the 1795 northern explorations of Samuel Hearne, whose account is considered surprisingly accurate. The first seminal work on Canadian mammals, however, was John Richardson's 1829 Fauna Boreali-Americana. Joseph Burr Tyrrell was the first to attempt to produce, in 1888, a comprehensive list of Canadian mammalian species. Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles-Eusèbe Dionne's work were also important. Modern Canadian publications with interest in mammalogy include The Canadian Field Naturalist, the Canadian Journal of Zoology and the French-language Le Naturaliste Canadien.^[A]

Several species of mammal have particular symbolism. The Canadian Horse and Beaver are official symbols of Canada,^[B] and several provinces have designated native species as symbols.

1 Superorder Euarchontoglires
2 Superorder: Laurasiatheria
3 Marsupials
- 3.1 Order Didelphimorphia: Opossums
4 Introduced or accidental species
5 Extinct, extirpated or reintroduced species
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 See also

Superorder Euarchontoglires

Order Rodentia: Rodents

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara, a rodent native to South America, can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
North American Porcupine (Porc-épic d'Amérique)	Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Forests	South of the tree line	I: Least Concern
Family Aplodontiidae: The Mountain Beaver
Mountain Beaver (Castor de montagne)	Aplodontia rufa (Rafinesque, 1817)	Montane forests	Southern British Columbia	I: Near Threatened CA: Special Concern BC: Blue list
Family Castoridae: Beavers
North American Beaver (Castor)	Castor canadensis (Kuhl, 1820)	Humid areas of forests.	All of Canada below the tree line except drier parts of the Prairies	I: Least Concern
Family Sciuridae: Squirrels
Eastern Gray Squirrel (Écureuil gris)	Sciurus carolinensis (Gmelin, 1788)	Prefers deep forests, but frequent in urban areas.	Southern Manitoba and northwestern Ontario, southern Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick.	I: Least Concern
Eastern Fox Squirrel (Écureuil fauve)	Sciurus niger (Linnaeus, 1758)	Edge of forests and groves	Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, British Columbia and Pelee Island	I: Least Concern
Douglas Squirrel (Écureuil de Douglas)	Tamiasciurus douglasii (Bachman, 1839)	Coniferous forests	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
American Red Squirrel (Écureuil roux)^[2]	Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1839)	Forests	Mainland Canada south of the Tree line, except the southern prairies and souwestern British Columbia; Prince Edward, Vancouver and Cape Breton Islands.	I: Least Concern
Northern flying squirrel (Grand polatouche)	Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)	Boreal forest	Mainland Canada south of the tree line except the southern Prairies, Prince Edward and Cape Breton Islands	I: Least Concern
Southern flying squirrel (Petit polatouche)	Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus, 1758)	Deciduous forests	Southern Ontario, part of Quebec, southern Nova Scotia	I: Least Concern^[3] QC: Listing Candidate
Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Chien de prairie à queue noire)	Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord, 1815)	Dry prairies	Small part of southern Saskatchewan	I: Near Threatened CA: Special Concern
Hoary Marmot (Marmotte des Rocheuses)	Marmota caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829)	Alpine tundra	Rockies, Columbia, and Coast Mountains	I: Least Concern
Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmotte à ventre jaune)	Marmota flaviventrisa (Audubon and Bachman, 1841)	Mountains	Central British Columbia and southernmost Alberta	I: Least Concern
Groundhog (Marmotte commune, Siffleux)	Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758)	Broken ground	Much of mainland Canada west of the Rockies, inland valleys and part western Yukon	I: Least Concern
Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmotte de Vancouver)	Marmota vancouverensis (Swarth, 1911)	Near the mountain tree line	Vancouver Island	I: Endangered CA: Endangered BC: Red list
Columbian Ground Squirrel (Spermophile du Columbia)	Spermophilus columbianus (Ord, 1815)	Montane open areas	Southern Rocky mountains	I: Least Concern
Franklin's ground squirrel (Écureuil terrestre de Franklin)	Spermophilus franklinii (Ord, 1815)	Parklands	Northwestern Ontario and southern Prairies except short-grass prairies	I: Vulnerable
Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophile à mante dorée)	Spermophilus lateralis (Say, 1823)	Montane coniferous forests	Southeastern Rockies	I: Least Concern
Arctic Ground Squirrel (Spermophile arctique)	Spermophilus parryii (Richardson, 1825)	Tundra without permafrost	Mainland Arctic	I: Least Concern
Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophile de Richardson)	Spermophilus richardsonii (Sabine, 1822)	Prairies	South of the Prairie provinces	I: Least Concern
Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel	Spermophilus saturatus (Rhoads, 1895)	Southern British Columbia Cascade Range	British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel (Spermophile rayé)	Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Mitchill, 1821)	Groves, swamps, uncultivated land	Southern Prairie Provinces	I: Least Concern
Yellow-pine Chipmunk (Tamia amène)	Tamias amoenus (Allen, 1821)	Dry montane forests	Southern and central British Columbia and Alberta	I: Least Concern
Least Chipmunk (Tamia mineur)	Tamias minimus (Bachman, 1839)	Edges of forests, groves, but also open spaces	Western Quebec to Yukon	I: Least Concern ssp. selkirki I: Vulnerable AB:
Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamia à queue rousse)	Tamias ruficaudus (A. H. Howell, 1839)	High altitude forests and valley pine groves.	Southern British Columbia and Alberta	I: Least Concern CA: Vulnerable AB: May Be At Risk BC: Imperiled
Eastern Chipmunk (Tamia rayé, Petit suisse)	Tamias striatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Deciduous forests	Southern half of Ontario and Quebec, and southern Manitoba	I: Least Concern
Townsend's Chipmunk (Tamia de Townsend)	Tamias townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Western Coast lowland and montane Tsuga forests	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Family Geomyidae: Pocket gophers
Plains Pocket Gopher (Gaufre brun)	Geomys bursarius (Shaw, 1800)	Fields and banks	Southern Manitoba	I: Least Concern CA: Not at risk^[4]
Northern Pocket Gopher (Gaufre gris)	Thomomys talpoides (Richardson, 1828)	Open areas	Southern Prairie Provinces and British Columbia	I: Least Concern ssp. douglasii Vulnerable ssp. segregatus Near Threatened BC: Secure ssp. segregatus Red list
Family Heteromyidae: Heteromyids
Ord's Kangaroo Rat (Rat-kangourou d'Ord)	Dipodomys ordii (Woodhouse, 1853)	Semi-deserctic areas	Great Sand Hills area	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern AB: Endangered
Olive-backed Pocket Mouse (Souris à abajoues des plaines)	Perognathus fasciatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1839)	Dry plains	Southern prairies	I: Least Concern CA: Sensitive
Great Basin Pocket Mouse (Souris à abajoues des pinèdes)	Perognathus parvus (Peale, 1848)	Dry plains	Great Basin	I: Least Concern CA: Sensitive BC: Red list
Family Dipodidae: Jerboas
Woodland jumping mouse (Souris sauteuse des bois)	Napaeozapus insignis (Miller, 1891)	Forest streams	Eastern Canada	I: Least Concern
Meadow jumping mouse (Souris sauteuse des champs)	Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann, 1780)	Wet fields	Eastern Canada (except Anticosti island and Newfoundland) to Yukon	I: Least Concern ssp. alascensis BC: Blue list
Western Jumping Mouse (Souris sauteuse de l'ouest)	Zapus princeps (Allen, 1893)	Prairies	Rockies and Prairies	I: Least Concern
Pacific Jumping Mouse (Souris sauteuse du Pacifique)	Zapus trinotatus (Rhoads, 1893)	Montane prairies	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Near Threatened
Family Cricetidae: Cricetids
Southern Red-backed Vole (Campagnol à dos roux de Gapper)	Clethrionomys gapperi^[5] (Vigors, 1830)	Forests	Most of the provinces, except Newfoundland and Vancouver Island	I: Least Concern ssp. galei BC: Blue list ssp. occidentalis< BC: Red list
Southern Red-backed Vole (Campagnol à dos roux boréal)	Clethrionomys rutilus^[5] (Pallas, 1779)	Shrubby tundra	Mainland Arctic	I: Least Concern
Northern Collared Lemming (Lemming variable)^[6]	Dicrostonyx groenlandicus^[7] (Traill, 1823)	Tundra	Northern Arctic islands	I: Least Concern
Ungava Collared Lemming (Lemming d'Ungava)	Dicrostonyx hudsonius (Pallas, 1778)	Tundra	Northern Quebec	I: Least Concern
Victoria Collared Lemming (—)	Dicrostonyx kilangmiutak^[7] (Anderson & Rand, 1945)	Tundra	Mainland Arctic, Banks, Victoria and King Williams Islands	I: Least Concern
Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming (—)	Dicrostonyx nunatakensis^[7] (Youngman, 1967)	Montane tundra	Ogilvie Mountains	I: Data Deficient (IUCN) I: Critically Imperiled (TNC)
Richardson's Collared Lemming (—)	Dicrostonyx richardsoni (Merriam, 1900)	Tundra	Arctic, roughly south of the Thelon River Basin	I: Least Concern
Sagebrush Vole (Campagnol des sauges)	Lemmiscus curtatus (Cope, 1868)	Sagebrush steppes	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan	I: Least Concern
North American Brown Lemming (Lemming brun)	Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson, 1825)		Tundra of Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon, also west coast of BC almost South to Vancouver Island	I: Least Concern^[8]
Rock Vole (Campagnol des rochers)	Microtus chrotorrhinus (Miller, 1894)	Rocky areas	Boreal Ontario and Quebec; southernmost Labrador; Gaspesia and northern New brunswick	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate ssp. ravus Data Deficient
Long-tailed Vole (Campagnol longicaude)	Microtus longicaudus (Miller, 1894)	Varied	Western Cordillera	I: Least Concern
Singing Vole (Campagnol chanteur)	Microtus miurus (Osgood, 1901)	Alpine tundra	Yukon and neighbouring Northwest Territory.	I: Least Concern
Montane Vole (Campagnol montagnard)	Microtus montanus (Peale, 1848)	Shortgrass alpine prairies	Central south British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Prairie Vole (Campagnol des prairies)	Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)	Prairies	Prairie provinces	I: Least Concern
Tundra Vole (Campagnol nordique)	Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776)	Wet tundra	Western Arctic	I: Least Concern
Creeping Vole (Campagnol de l'oregon)	Microtus oregoni (Bachman, 1839)	Humid coniferous forest	Southern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Meadow Vole (Campagnol des champs)	Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)	Wet fields	All of Canada except Arctic and westernmost ranges	I: Least Concern
Woodland Vole (Campagnol sylvestre)	Microtus pinetorum (Le Conte, 1830)	Deciduous forests	Southernmost Ontario and Quebec	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Water Vole (Campagnol de Richardson)	Microtus richardsoni (De Kay, 1842)	Alpine prairies and streams	Cascades and southern Rockies	I: Least Concern
Townsend's Vole (Campagnol de Townsend)	Microtus townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Saline marshes and fields	Vancouver Island, nearby islands and Fraser River delta	I: Near Threatened ssp. cowani Conservation Dependent BC: Red list
Taiga Vole (Campagnol à joues jaunes)	Microtus xanthognathus (Leach, 1815)	Forest streams	From southwester Hudson Bay through northern Prairies and Yukon	I: Least Concern
Muskrat (Rat musqué)	Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Wetlands	Most of Canada outside the Arctic and southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Western Heather Vole (Campagnol des bruyères)	Phenacomys intermedius (Merriam, 1889)	Varied	British COlumbia	I: Least Concern ssp. artemisiae Near Threatened ssp. sphagnicola Near Threatened
Eastern Heather Vole (Phénacomys d'Ungava)	Phenacomys ungava (Merriam, 1889)	Varied	Quebec, Ontario and Labrador to southern Yukon	I: Least Concern
Northern Bog Lemming (Campagnol-lemming boréal)	Synaptomys borealis (Richardson, 1828)	Peatlands	Labrador to Alaska; Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick	I: Least Concern
Southern Bog Lemming (Campagnol-lemming de Cooper)	Synaptomys cooperi (Baird, 1857)	Peatlands	Western Manitoba, central and southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia	I: Least Concern QC: Listing candidate
Bushy-tailed Woodrat (Rat à queue touffue)	Neotoma cinerea (Ord, 1815)	Mountains	Western Cordillera	I: Least Concern
Northwestern Deer Mouse (—)	Peromyscus keeni^[9] (Rhoades, 1894)	mild a rainy forests	West of the Coastal Mountains	I: Least Concern
White-footed Mouse (Souris à pattes blanches)	Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818)	Deciduous forests	Southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia	I: Least Concern
Deer mouse (Souris sylvestre)	Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)	Anywhere except wetlands	Much of Canada south of the tree line except Newfoundland	I: Least Concern
Western Harvest Mouse (Souris-moissonneuse occidentale)	Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird, 1858)	Prairies	Okanagan Valley (ssp. dychei), south of Alberta and Saskatchewann (ssp. megalotis)	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern (dychei) CA: Endangered (megalotis) BC: Blue list AB: Unknown SA: Unknown
Northern Grasshopper Mouse (Souris à sauterelles)	Onychomys leucogaster (Wied-Neuwied, 1841)	Southern Prairies	Prairies	I: Least Concern

Order Lagomorpha: Rabbits and pikas

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). They can resemble rodents, but differ in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Ochotonidae: Pikas
Collared Pika (Pica à collier)	Ochotona collaris (Nelson, 1893)	Mountains above the tree line	Rockies of the Yukon	I: Least Concern
American Pika (Pica d'Amérique)	Ochotona princeps (Richardson, 1828)	Mountains near the tree line	Southern British Columbia and Alberta	I: Least Concern
Family Leporidae: Rabbits and hares
Eastern Cottontail (Lapin à queue blanche)	Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen, 1890)	Open woodlands	Southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan Ontario and Quebec
Mountain Cottontail (Lapin de Nuttall)	Sylvilagus nuttallii (J. A. Allen, 1890)	Dry plains	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Okanagan and Similkameen valleys.	I: Least Concern BC: Blue List ssp. nuttallii CA: Special Concern
Snowshoe Hare (Lièvre d'Amérique)	Lepus americanus (Erxleben, 1777)	Forest and marshes	Much of mainland Canada except southernmost Ontario	I: Least Concern ssp. washingtonii BC: Red list
Arctic Hare (Lièvre arctique)	Lepus arcticus (Ross, 1819)	Tundra	Canadian Arctic (including Arctic Archipelago), Labrador, Newfoundland	I: Least Concern
White-tailed Jackrabbit (Lièvre de Townsend)	Lepus townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Fields	Southern prairies, Okanagan Valley	I: Least Concern BC: Red list

Order Primate: Primates

The only primates that live in Canada are human beings. They are only distantly related to the New World monkeys of Central and South America, and the species originated in east Africa. Humans first arrived in large numbers to Canada around 15,000 years ago from North Asia, and surged in migration starting 400 years ago from around the world, especially from Europe.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family
Human being (Homme moderne)	Homo sapiens sapiens (Linnaeus, 1758)	urban areas or agricultural areas, but also found in other settings	everywhere, more common in the south	I: Least Concern

Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Order Soricomorpha: Shrews and moles

Soricomorphs are insectivorous mammals. Shrews closely resemble mice while moles are stout-bodied burrowers.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Soricidae: Shrews
Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Grande musaraigne)	Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1823)	Deciduous forests	Eastern Saskatchewan to Maritime provinces	I: Least Concern
North American Least Shrew (Petite musaraigne)	Cryptotis parva (Say, 1823)	Fields, clearings and salt marshes	Long point, Ontario	I: Least Concern CA: Possibly extirpated
Arctic Shrew (Musaraigne arctique)	Sorex arcticus (Kerr, 1792)	Peatlands and marshes	From the Northwest Territory to central Quebec	I: Least Concern
Maritime Shrew (Musaraigne des Maritimes)	Sorex maritimensis (Smith, 1939)	Peatlands and marshes	New Brunswick and Nova Scotia	I: Vulnerable^[10]
Marsh Shrew (Musaraigne de Bendire)	Sorex bendirii (Smith, 1939)	Coniferous forests	Fraser Valley	I: Vulnerable CA: Threatened BC: Red List
Masked Shrew (Musaraigne cendrée)	Sorex cinereus (Smith, 1939)	Varied	Most of Mainland Canada except northernmost Quebec; Prince Edward and Cape Breton islands	I: Least Concern
Long-tailed Shrew (Musaraigne longicaude)	Sorex dispar^[11] (Batchelder, 1911)	Wet banks	Appalachians, Pennsylvania to New Brunswick	I: Least Concern
Smoky Shrew (Musaraigne fuligineuse)	Sorex fumeus (Miller, 1895)	Deciduous forests	Great lakes to Maritimes	I: Least Concern
Gaspé Shrew (Musaraigne de Gaspé)	Sorex gaspensis^[11] (Anthony & Goodwin, 1924)	Near forest streams	Gaspesia and northern New Brunswick; Cape Breton Island	I: Least Concern CA: Not at Risk^[12] QC: Listing Candidate
Prairie Shrew (Musaraigne des steppes)	Sorex haydeni (Baird, 1857)	Grassland	Southern Prairies	I: Least Concern
American Pygmy Shrew (Musaraigne pygmée)	Sorex hoyi (Baird, 1857)	Forest clearings	Yukon and eastern Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes	I: Least Concern
Merriam's Shrew (Musaraigne de Merriam)	Sorex merriami (Dobson, 1890)	Grasslands	Extreme southern British Columbia	I: Least Concern BC: Red List
Montane Shrew (Musaraigne sombre)	Sorex monticolus^[13] (Merriam, 1890)	Montane streams and marshes	Western Cordillera	I: Least Concern
American Water Shrew (Musaraigne palustre)	Sorex palustris (Richardson, 1828)	Lakes and marshes	Western Cordillera to Labrador and Maritimes except southern Prairies and southernmost Ontario	I: Least Concern ssp. brooksi BC: Red List
Preble's Shrew (Musaraigne de Preble)	Sorex preblei (Jackson,1922)	Montane streams and marshes	Southcentral British Columbia	I: Least Concern BC: Red list
Trowbridge's Shrew (Musaraigne de Trowbridge)	Sorex trowbridgii (Baird, 1857)	Coniferous forests	Lower Fraser Valley	I: Least Concern BC: Blue list
Tundra Shrew (—)	Sorex tundrensis (Merriam, 1900)	Tundra	Yukon and Northwest territory	I: Least Concern BC: Red list
Barren Ground Shrew (—)	Sorex ugyunak (Anderson & Rand, 1945)	Tundra	Mainland Arctic	I: Least Concern
Vagrant Shrew (Musaraigne errante)	Sorex vagrans (Baird, 1857)	Montane streams	Southern Cordillera	I: Least Concern
Family Talpidae: Moles
Star-nosed Mole (Condylure étoilé)	Condylura cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)	Wet forests	Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia	I: Least Concern
Coast Mole (Taupe du Pacifique)	Scapanus orarius (True, 1896)	Alpine coniferous forest	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Townsend's Mole (Taupe de Townsend)	Scapanus townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Fields	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern CA: Endangered BC: Red List
Shrew-mole (Taupe de Townsend)	Neurotrichus gibbsii (Baird, 1858)	Banks	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Eastern Mole (Taupe à queue glabre)	Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Open woodlands	Point Pelee area	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern
Hairy-tailed Mole (Taupe à queue velue)	Parascalops breweri (Bachman, 1842)	Dry loose soils	Southern Quebec and Ontario	I: Least Concern

Order Chiroptera: Bats

Chiropteras' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats
Silver-haired bat (Chauve-souris argentée)	Lasionycteris noctivagans (La Conte, 1831)	Deciduous forest lakes	All of southern Canada except Gaspesia and northern Maritimes	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
California Myotis (Chauve-souris de Californie)	Myotis californicus (Audubon & Bachman, 1842)	West Coast forests	West Coast and Okanagan Valley	I: Least Concern
Western Small-footed Myotis (Chauve-souris pygmée de l'Ouest)	Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886)	Dry areas	Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan	I: Least Concern BC:Blue List
Long-eared Myotis (Chauve-souris à longues oreilles)	Myotis evotis^[14] (H. Allen, 1864)	Varied	Southern British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Keen's Myotis (Chauve-souris de Keen)	Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895)	Forests	West Coast	I: Least Concern CA: Data Deficient BC: Unknown
Eastern small-footed myotis (Chauve-souris pygmée de l'Est)	Myotis leibii (Audubon & Bachman, 1842)	Montane forests	Southern and south-central Ontario, southwestern Quebec	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Little brown bat (Petite chauve-souris brune)	Myotis lucifugus (La Conte, 1831)	Varied, including cities	Yukon to Atlantic Canada	I: Least Concern
Northern long-eared myotis (—)	Myotis septentrionalis^[15] (Trouessart, 1897)	Forests	Central to Eastern Canada	I: Least Concern BC: Blue List
Fringed Myotis (Chauve-souris à queue frangée)	Myotis thysanodes^[15] (Miller, 1897)	White pines forest	Southcentral British Columbia	I: Least Concern CA: Data Deficient BC: Blue List
Long-legged Myotis (Chauve-souris à longues pattes)	Myotis volans (H. Allen, 1866)	Varied	British Columbia and Alberta	I: Least Concern
Yuma Myotis (Chauve-souris de Yuma)	Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen, 1864)	Open areas	West Coast and Okanagan Valley	I: Least Concern
Pallid bat (Chauve-souris blonde)	Antrozous pallidus (LeConte, 1856)	Dry plains	British Columbia	I: Least Concern CA: Threatened BC: Red List
Big brown bat (Grande chauve-souris brune)	Eptesicus fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)	Varied, including cities	British Columbia to southern Quebec and New Brunswick	I: Least Concern
Spotted bat (Oreillard maculé)	Euderma maculatum (J. A. Allen, 1891)	Near waterways	Inner British Columbia	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern BC: Blue List
Western Red Bat (Chauve-souris rousse de l'Ouest)	Lasiurus blossevillii^[16] (Lesson and Garnot, 1826)	Open spaces and cities	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Eastern Red Bat (Chauve-souris rousse de l'Est)	Lasiurus borealis (Müller, 1776)	Open spaces and cities	Alberta to southern Maritimes	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Hoary Bat (Chauve-souris cendré)	Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)	Forests	British Columbia to northern Hudson Bay and Maritimes	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrelle de l'Est)	Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832)	Forest, fields and waterways	Southern Ontario, Quebec and Maritimes	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Oreillard de Townsend)	Corynorhinus townsendii (Cooper, 1837)	Open woodlands	Southern British Columbia	I: Vulnerable BC: Blue List

Order Cetacea: Cetaceans

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Balaenidae: Right Whales
Bowhead whale (Baleine boréale)^[17]	Balaena mysticetus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Polar ice shelf in winter, coastal waters in the summer.	Arctic Ocean	I: Conservation Dependent^[18] CA: At Risk^[19]
North Atlantic Right Whale (Baleine franche)^[20]	Eubalaena glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Temperate coast waters	North Atlantic	I: Endangered CA: Endangered QC: Listing Candidate
North Pacific Right Whale (Baleine franche)^[20]	Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818)		North Pacific	I: Endangered CA: Endangered
Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
Northern Minke Whale (Petit rorqual)	Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépède, 1804)	Temperate or polar seas.	Northern Atlantic and Pacific	I: Near Threatened CA: Not at Risk
Sei Whale (Rorqual boréal)	Balaenoptera borealis (Lesson, 1828)	Temperate seas.	Atlantic and Pacific oceans	I: Endangered Pacific CA: Possibly extirpated^[21] BC: Blue List Atlantic CA: Data Deficient
Blue Whale (Rorqual bleu)	Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Temperate and polar waters.	Atlantic and Pacific oceans	North Pacific I: Conservation Dependent CA: Endangered BC: Blue List North Atlantic I: Vulnerable CA: Endangered QC: Listing Candidate
Fin Whale (Rorqual commun)	Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)	High sea.	Atlantic and Pacific oceans	I: Endangered CA: Threatened/Special Concern^[22] BC: Blue List QC: Listing Candidate
Humpback Whale (Baleine à bosse)	Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)	Coastal waters, often penetrates estuaries.	Atlantic and Pacific oceans	I: Vulnerable CA: Threatened/Not at Risk^[23] BC: Blue List
Family Eschrichtiidae: Grey Whale
Gray Whale (Baleine grise)	Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljebor, 1861)	Temperate continental shelf waters.	Pacific Coast	Eastern Pacific population I: Conservation Dependent CA: Special Concern BC: Blue List Atlantic population I: Extirpated
Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga
Narwhal (Narval)	Monodon Monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)	Edge of Arctic ice sheet.	Eastern Arctic Ocean	I: Data Deficient/Apparently Secure^[24] CA: Special Concern
Beluga (Bélouga)	Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776)	Arctic coast waters. Often swim deep up rivers.	Eastern and Western Arctic Ocean	I: Vulnerable CA: Varied^[25] QC: Threatened/Listing Candidate^[26] ON: Not at Risk
Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
Harbour Porpoise (Marsouin commun)^[27]	Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)		East and West Coast	I: Vulnerable CA: Special Concern BC: Blue List
Dall's Porpoise (Marsouin de Dall)	Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885)	Continental shelf.	North Pacific	I: Vulnerable
Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whale
Sperm Whale (Cachalot)	Physeter macrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Very deep waters.	Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Only migrating males are found in Canadian waters.	I: Vulnerable CA: Not at Risk BC: Blue List
Family Ziphidae: Beaked Whales
Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Baleine à bec de Cuvier)	Ziphius cavirostris (G. Cuvier, 1823)	Uncertain	North Pacific and Atlantic	I: Data Deficient CA: Not at Rist
Baird's Beaked Whale (Grande baleine à bec)	Berardius bairdii (Stejneger, 1883)	Near continental shelf cliffs	North Pacific	I: Conservation Dependent CA: Not at Rist
Bottlenose whale (Baleine à bec commune)	Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770)	Subarctic waters	North Atlantic and part of Arctic	I: Conservation Dependent CA: Endangered^[28]
Sowerby's Beaked Whale (Baleine à bec de Sowerby)	Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby, 1804)	Deep ocean.	Temperate North Atlantic	I: Vulnerable CA: Special Concern
Hubbs' Beaked Whale (Baleine à bec de Moore)	Mesoplodon carlhubbsi^[29] (Moore, 1963)	Temperate waters	North Pacific	I: Vulnerable CA: Not at Risk
Stejneger's Beaked Whale (Baleine à bec de Stejneger)	Mesoplodon stejnegeri (True, 1885 )	Cold, high sea.	North Pacific	I: Vulnerable CA: Not at Risk
Family Delphinidae: Oceanic Dolphins
Bottlenose Dolphin (Grand dauphin)	Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)	Coastal waters.	Occasional in the Maritimes	I: Secure
Short-beaked common dolphin (Dauphin commun à bec court)	Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Temperate high sea	Atlantic and Pacific Continental shelves	I: Least Concern
Atlantic White-sided Dolphin (Dauphin à flancs blancs)	Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828)	Temperate high sea.	North Atlantic	I: Least Concern
Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Dauphin à flancs blancs du pacifique)	Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Gill, 1865)	Temperate and subarctic seas.	North Pacific	I: Least Concern
White-beaked Dolphin (Dauphin à bec blanc)	Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846)	High, cold sea.	North Atlantic	I: Least Concern
Orca (Épaulard or Orque)	Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)	Prefers coastal waters.	Atlantic, Pacific and parts of the Arctic	I: Conservation Dependent CA: Varies^[30] BC: Varies^[31]
Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicéphale du Pacifique)	Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846)	Varied.	Pacific Ocean	I: Conservation Dependent CA: Not at Risk
Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicéphale de l'Atlantique)	Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)	Varied.	North Atlantic	I: Least Concern

Order Carnivora: Carnivores

The Carnivoras include over 260 species, the majority of which eat meat as their primary dietary item. Carnivores have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Felidae: Felines
Canadian Lynx (Lynx du Canada)^[32]	Lynx canadensis (Kerr, 1792)	Forests	Most of Canada	I: Least Concern NB: Regionally endangered NS: Endangered
Bobcat (Lynx roux)	Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)	Varied	Southern Canada	I: Least Concern
Cougar (Cougar)	Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771)	Mountain, marshes, dense forests	Mountainous regions of Alberta and British Columbia	I: Near Threatened Eastern Population CA: Data Deficient^[33] ON: Endangered QC: Listing Candidate NB: Endangered
Family Canidae: Canines
Arctic fox (Renard arctique or polaire)^[34]	Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Tundra	Northern Canada^[35]	I: Least Concern
Swift Fox (Renard véloce)	Vulpes velox (Say, 1823)	Desert and dry prairie	Southern Prairie Provinces	I: Least Concern CA: Endangered AB: Endangered
Red Fox (Renard roux)	Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)	Varied	All of Canada except part of the Arctic Islands and West Coast	I: Least Concern
Gray Fox (Renard gris)	Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775)	Varied	Southern Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec	I: Least Concern CA; Threatened^[36]
Coyote (Coyote)	Canis latrans (Say, 1823)	Varied	Rockies through southern prairies to southwestern Quebec.	I: Least Concern
Gray Wolf (Loup)^[37]	Canis lupus (Say, 1823)	Varied	All of Canada except Anticosti and Prince Edward Islands. Going extinct in several areas.	I: Least Concern CA: C. l. lycaon subspecies designated Special Concern.
Family Ursidae: Bears
American black bear (Ours noir)	Ursus americanus (Pallas, 1780)	Varied	Most of Canada except Arctic and Prince Edward Island.	I: Least Concern
Brown Bear (Ours brun)	Ursus arctos (Linnaeus, 1758 )	Open spaces, mostly alpine and Arctic tundra	Rockies, mainland Northwest Territory and Nunavut.^[38]	I: Least Concern CA: Special Concern AB: Recommended for Threatened NWT: Sensitive BC: Blue list
Polar Bear (Ours blanc or polaire)	Ursus maritimus (Phipps, 1774)	Edge of ice fields	Arctic Sea and coasts	I: Vulnerable CA: Special Concern BC: Yellow list NWT: Sensitive QC: Listing Candidate NF: Vulnerable
Family Procyonidae: Raccoons and allies
Common Raccoon (Raton laveur)^[39]	Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)	Riparian forests	Southern Canada except Rockies and Cape Breton Island	I: Least Concern
Family Mustelidae: Mustelids
Stoat (Hermine)	Mustela erminea (Linnaeus, 1758)	Varied	All of Canada except part of southern prairies and Anticosti Island	I: Least Concern ssp. haidarum CA: Threatened BC: Red list ssp. anguinea BC: Blue list
Long-tailed Weasel (Belette à longue queue)	Mustela frenata (Lichtenstein, 1831)	Open areas	Southern Rockies to western Ontario, southern Ontario to western Nova Scotia	I: Least Concern
Least Weasel (Belette pygmée)^[40]	Mustela nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766)	Varied	Yukon to Labrador, except southern Quebec and Ontario.	I: Least Concern QC: Listing Candidate
American Mink (Vison d'Amérique)	Mustela vison (Schreber, 177)	Wetlands and rivers	Most of Canada, except the Arctic, part of the prairies and Anticosti Island. Introduced to Newfoundland	I: Least Concern
American Marten (Martre d'Amérique)	Martes americana (Turton, 1806)	Coniferous and mixed forests	Rockies to Labrador and Newfoundland, except Prairies. Extinct in several parts of Eastern Canada.	I: Least Concern NS: Endangered^[41] NF: Endangered
Fisher (Pékan)	Martes pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)	Coniferous and mixed forests near rivers	British Columbia to central Quebec, reintroduced in parts of the Maritimes.	I: Least Concern BC: Blue list
Wolverine (Carcajou)	Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boreal forest, Arctic tundra	Largely extinct in southern Canada West of the Rockies. Found in much of continental Canada and the Arctic Islands	I:Vulnerable Eastern Population CA: Endangered ON: Threatened QC: Endangered NF: Endangered Western Population CA: Special Concern BC: Varies^[42]
American Badger (Blaireau d'Amérique)	Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777)	Fields	Southern Prairies, south-central British Columbia and southernmost Ontario	I: Least Concern CA: Endangered (jeffersoni and jacksoni) BC: Red list
Northern River Otter (Loutre de rivière)	Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)	Rivers, lakes and swamps	Most of Canada except part of the Arctic and southern prairies	I: Least Concern
Sea Otter (Loutre de mer)	Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sea and coast	Vancouver and Goose Island^{[disambiguation needed ]} coast	I: Endangered CA: Threatened^[43] BC: Red list
Family Mephitidae: Skunks
Western Spotted Skunk (Moufette tachetée occidentale)	Spilogale gracilis (Merriam, 1890)^[44]	Thickets and bushes	Southwestern British Columbia	I: Secure (TNC)
Striped Skunk (Moufette rayée)	Mephitis mephitis (Schreber, 1776)	Forests, cultivated areas, valleys	Rockies to the Maritmes. Introduced in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia in the 19th century.	I: Least Concern
Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds
Family Otariidae: Eared seals
Northern Fur Seal (Otarie à fourrure)^[45]	Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sea	Off the coast of British Columbia; appreciates rocky outcrops. Occasionally reported from the Arctic.	I: Vulnerable BC: Red list
Steller Sea Lion (Otarie de Steller)^[46]	Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)	Coast waters	British Columbia; appreciates rocky outcrops.	I: Endangered BC: Blue list
California Sea Lion (Otarie de Californie)	Zalophus californianus ((Lesson, 1828))	Coast waters	Near Vancouver Island.	I: Least Concern
Walrus (Morse)	Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Arctic shallows	James Bay to Groenland. Extinct in Western Arctic and the Magdalen Islands.	I: Least Concern
Family Phocidae: Earless seals
Hooded Seal (Phoque à capuchon)	Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777)	Sea	Atlantic from Gulf of the Saint Lawrence to northern Baffin Island.	I: Least Concern
Bearded Seal (Phoque barbu)	Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)	Sea	Arctic Ocean	I: Least Concern
Grey Seal (Phoque gris)	Halichoerus grypus (Erxleben, 1777)	Sea rocks, and reefs	East Coast	I: Least Concern
Northern Elephant Seal (Éléphant de mer du Nord)	Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866)	Tropical and temperate sea waters	Occasional in British Columbia	I: Least Concern
Harp Seal (Phoque du Groenland)	Phoca groenlandica (Erxleben, 1777)^[47]	Cold waters	Gulf of Saint Lawrence to James Bay and Groenland.	I: Least Concern
Harbour Seal (Phoque commun)	Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758	Coast waters and some interior lakes.	Most Canadian coasts except the colder part of the Arctic	I: Least Concern QC: ssp. mellonae Listing Candidate
Ringed Seal (Phoque annelé)	Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)	Arctic waters and ice-floes	Arctic Ocean	I: Least Concern

Order Artiodactyla: Even-toed ungulates

The Even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species worldwide, including many that are of great economic importance.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Cervidae: Deers
Wapiti (Elk)	Cervus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)^[48]	Varied, prefers open areas.	Southern Rockies and part of the prairies, reintroduced in several part of its former range.	I: Least Concern ssp roosevelti BC: Blue list
Moose (Orignal)	Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)	Subarctic and open forests	Yukon to New Brunswick. Introduced in Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Anticosti Islands.	I: Least Concern NS: Endangered^[49]
Mule deer (Cerf mulet)	Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)	Subarctic and open forests	West Coast to Prairies	I: Least Concern MB: Threatened
White-tailed deer (Cerf de Virginie)^[50]	Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman, 1780)	Glens, rivers, marshes, forest edges.	Southern Rockies and Prairie Provinces to coast of Labrador and Maritimes. Introduced on Prince Edward and Anticosti Islands.	I: Least Concern
Caribou (Caribou)	Rangifer tarandus (Zimmerman, 1780)	Tundra, Taiga and boreal forest	Boreal forests across Canada, art parts of the Arctic and Rockies	I: Least Concern AB: caribou & groenlandicus threatened MB: caribou threatened QC: Threatened NF: caribou threatened BC: Varies^[31] ssp. pearyi I: Endangered
Family Antilocapridae: The Pronghorn
Pronghorn (Antilope d'Amérique or Pronghorn)	Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815)	Prairies and plains	Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta.	I: Least Concern
Family Bovidae: Bovids
American Bison (Bison)^[51]	Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758)	Varied	South of the Great Slaves Lake. Small reintroduced population found in several parts of its former range.	I: Conservation Dependent AB: Endangered BC: Red list
Mountain goat (Chèvre de montagne)	Oreamnos americanus (Blainville, 1816)	Mountains	Various parts of the Western Cordillera	I: Least Concern
Muskox (Boeuf musqué)	Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780)	Arctic tundra	Canadian Arctic	I: Least Concern
Bighorn Sheep (Mouflon d'Amérique)	Ovis canadensis (Shaw, 1804)	Alpine prairies	South and southeastern Rockies	I: Conservation Dependent BC: Blue list
Dall Sheep (Mouflon de Dall)	Ovis dalli Nelson, 1884	Alpine tundra	Yukon and northern British Columbia	I: Least Concern ssp. dalli BC: Blue list

Marsupials

Order Didelphimorphia: Opossums

Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene.They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.

Common name (French name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Native range	Status^[1]
Family Didelphidae: New World opossums
Virginia Opossum (Oppossum d'Amérique or de Virginie)	Didelphis virginiana (Kerr, 1792)	Humid lowland forests.	Southwestern Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Considered an exotic species by British Columbia.	I: Least Concern

Introduced or accidental species

A number of wild mammalians may be found in Canadian territory without being confirmed natives. Some were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced. These include the House Mouse (Mus musculus), and Norway and Black Rats (respectively Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus). Other include escaped animals; the Coypu (Myocastor coypus), European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Hares (Lepus europaeus),^[52] as well as feral cats, dogs and horses fall into this category. Fallow Deers (Dama dama) and Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) were introduced for hunting.

Finally, other species are encountered only accidentally, or so rarely in Canadian territory that it is impossible to tell whether they are permanent resident. Most of these species are cetaceans, some generally poorly known: Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus), the Dwarf and Pygmy Sperm Whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), Blainville's and True's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris and M. mirus), the False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens), and the Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). The Big Free-tailed and Evening Bats (respectively Nyctinomops macrotis and Nycticeius humeralis), as well as the New England Cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) are found mostly in areas south of the U.S.-Canada frontier, and occasionally in Canada.

The only Canadian, and also last known specimen of the Sea Mink (Mustela macrodon) was captured on Campobello Island, in Nova Scotia in 1894. It is unknown whether the species was ever native to the country, but an unidentified animal reported in 1785 suggest it might have been more common in the Maritimes.

Extinct, extirpated or reintroduced species

Out of three species that have gone extinct in Canada in written history, two have since been reintroduced. It is not clear whether a fourth species, the aforementioned Sea Mink, was ever a resident of Canada.

The Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes) went extinct in Canada in 1937. Between the 1950s and 1981, it was suspected to be extinct until a wild population was discovered in 1981 in Wyoming. The Swift Fox and Sea Otter both went extinct in Canada in the 1930s, but were successfully reintroduced in the beginning of the 1970s.

Notes

A^ Banfield, Mammals of Canada, pp. xiv-xv.
B^ National Symbol of Canada Act 1985 R.S.C., c. N-17: "the Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada". National Horse of Canada Act 2002 S.C. 2002, c. 11.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ
- I: International. Uses IUCN where available
- CA: Canadian status, if any
  - Provincial statuses, if any and different from federal status.
^ This species and the European Sciurus vulgaris both share the same French name.
^ COSEWIC originally designated this species as Special Concern in 1988. It has since been discovered that the range is much larger than previously thought, and the species was delisted in 2006.([1], [2])
^ Originally assessed as Special Concern, was reassessed in 1998
^ ^a ^b It is not clear which of Myodes or Clethrionomys is the proper genus name. This list uses Clethrionomys as it is currently the most widely used name.
^ The name was originally applied to D. torquatus, of which D. groenlandicus was originall considered to be a subspecies.
^ ^a ^b ^c Whether or not this species is a subspecies of D. groenlandicus is unclear.
^ The North American L. sibiricus are now recognized as a separate species. IUCN still treats both as L. sibiricus.
^ This species is now considered to include P. sitkensis and P. oreas, as well as several subspecies of P. maniculatus
^ Ranked as "Vulnerable" in both province by The Nature Conservancy
^ ^a ^b Whether or not S. dispar and S. gaspensis are separate species is not fully resolved.
^ Formerly considered Special Concern
^ Also Sorex obscurus in older sources.
^ Sometimes considered a subspecies of M. leibii.
^ ^a ^b Sometimes considered a subspecies of M. keenii
^ This species is often treated as a subspecies of L. borealis
^ IUCN records this species as Baleine du Groenland.
^ The IUCN ranks the Davis Strait-Baffin population as Endangered, the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin population as Vulnerable and the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea population as Conservation Dependent.
^ COSEWIC ranks the Davis Strait-Baffin and Bay-Foxe Basin populations as Threatened and the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea population as Special Concern.
^ ^a ^b Also Baleine noire. The recognition of Eubalaena japonica as a separate species has not yet effected common French names.
^ COSEWIC ranks the species as Endangered, noting no observations since 1979; The Nature Conservancy ranks it as possibly extirpated.
^ COSEWIC ranks the Pacific population as Threatened and the Atlantic one as Special Concern.
^ COSEWIC ranks the Pacific population as Threatened and the Atlantic one as Not at Risk.
^ IUCN lists the species as data deficient; TNC lists it as Apparently Secure.
^ The various populations have ranks varying between Special Concern and Endangered.
^ The St. Laurence Estuary population is designated Threatened, other populations are listing candidates.
^ Sometimes simply "Marsouin"
^ Population of the Scotian Shelf only.
^ Might be a subspecies of M. bowdoini.
^ Populations in the Pacific are ranked Threatened, Endangered or Special Concern. The Atlantic population is considered Data Deficient.
^ ^a ^b Populations are Blue- or Red-listed.
^ Formerly Lous-cervier.
^ It is not clear whether a sustainable population exists or not in Eastern Canada. The species was practically exterminated by the 1970s, but a large number of observations since and the capture of a specimen in 1992 have made the species' status in Eastern Canada a subject of controversy amongst biologists.
^ "Renard polaire" is preferred in Europe, while "renard arctique" is more common in Quebec.
^ The species is occasionally reported as far south as Central Ontario and Cape Breton Island, and is known to travel south on floes.
^ According to COSEWIC, the species "[m]et criterion for Endangered [...], but due to rescue effect was designated Threatened."
^ "Loup gris" is used when contrast with C. rufus ("Loup rouge") is needed.
^ The prairies population has been extirpated.
^ If distinction from other Procyon species is needed, "raton laveur commun" is used.
^ Frequently just "belette", or "belette d'Europe" if distinction from other Mustela species is needed.
^ Cape Breton Island only
^ Ssp. luscus is Blue-listed. Ssp. vancouverensis is Red-listed.
^ Reintroduced in the 70s; the species had been extirpated in Canada at the turn of the century.
^ This species is often considered a subspecies of the Eastern Spotted Skunk, S. putorius, which is otherwise not found in Canada.
^ If distinction is needed with Arctocephalus fosteri, the Southern or New Zealand Fur Seal, "otarie à fourrure du Nord" is used.
^ Also "lion de mer de Steller".
^ Sources conflict as to whether classify this species with Phoca or Pagophilus.
^ Some debate remains as to whether consider this species the same or not as Red Deer, C. elaphus.
^ On mainland only.
^ The name "chevreuil" is frequent in Quebec, but considered improper, as it normally applies to the European Roe Deer, Capreolus capreolus.
^ If distinction is needed with B. bonasus, "bison d'Amérique" is used.
^ Some authorities consider L. europaeus and L. capensis (Cape Hare) to be the same species.

References

Banfield, Alexander W. F. (1974). The Mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2137-9.
Wilson, Don E.; Sue Ruff (1999). The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-560-98845-2.
(French) Prescott, Jacques; Piere Richard (2004). Mammifères du Québec et de l'Est du Canada (Rev. 2nd ed. ed.). Waterloo, Quebec: Éditions Michel Quintin. ISBN 2-89435-270-0.
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Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

List of mammals of Canada

Contents