J. Howard Marshall

Infobox Person
name = James Howard Marshall II


image_size = 151px
caption = J. Howard Marshall II
birth_date = birth date|1905|1|24|mf=y
birth_place =
death_date = death date and age|1995|8|4|1905|1|24|mf=y
death_place =
occupation = Business, Professor
spouse = Anna Nicole Smith (1994-1995)
Bettye Bohannon (1961-1991)
Eleanor M. Pierce (1931-1961)
children = J. Howard Marshall III
E. Pierce Marshall

James Howard Marshall II (January 24 1905 – August 4 1995) was a wealthy magnate, American oil business executive, and university professor. His life spanned more than nine decades and his career brought him success as a teacher, government official, attorney and businessman and spanned almost the entire history of the oil industry, from the early years when uncontrolled production depleted valuable fields and natural gas was burned at the well head, to the decades of energy shortages and the Arab Oil Embargo.

Early years

Born January 24, 1905 in Germantown, Pennsylvania, J. Howard Marshall II attended George School, a private Quaker high school in Newtown, Pennsylvania, and then studied liberal arts at Haverford College, also a Quaker institution, graduating in 1926. While there he edited the school newspaper and played soccer and tennis. He went on to Yale Law School, graduating in 1931 Magna cum laude. At Yale, he studied with the law and economics pioneer Walton Hale Hamilton, who would strongly influence his future work. Upon graduation he served from 1931 and 1933 as an Assistant Dean at Yale Law School and his teaching schedule during these years has been definitively documented [cite web | url=http://ziefbrief.typepad.com/ziefbrief/2007/03/anna_nicole_smi.html| title=ZiefBrief tracks down elusive teaching schedule | date=2007-03-13] . At the same time, he was producing scholarship as a member of the influential legal realist school of thought, working with future Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas on an article entitled "A Factual Study of Bankruptcy Administration and Some Suggestions". [32 Columbia L. Rev. 59 (1932)] However, his most influential works, done with Norman Meyers, were two articles entitled "Legal Planning of Petroleum Production". [41 Yale L. J. 33 (1931-1932); 42 Yale L. J. 702 (1932-1933)] .These pioneering studies offered an alternative to the then-current practices of controlled production among the oil industry, which were leading to boom/bust cycles, and gained the interest of the government, especially since the legal minds behind the New Deal were staunch legal realists. In 1933 he left Yale to become the Assistant Solicitor at the Department of Interior under Harold L. Ickes.In 1935, he left government service to become the special counsel to the president of Standard Oil of California (now Chevron) in San Francisco. Another two years later he joined the firm now known as Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, which was the company's outside counsel. He was called back to Washington during the war as Solicitor of the Petroleum Administration for War, helping develop America's energy policy during the war, and later as a member of the Committee on Reparations. In 1944 he became President of Ashland Oil and Refining Co. (now Marathon Oil), and began his long career as an oilman. Later positions included Executive Vice President at Signal Oil and Gas, President of Union Texas Petroleum and Executive Vice President of Allied Signal (all now Honeywell)until his semi-retirement in 1970. Marshall remained active in the energy industry through many personal endeavors with Great Northern Oil Company, Koch Industries, Coastal Corp (now El Paso Corporation) and culminating in 1984, when he founded Marshall Petroleum.

Koch Industries

Marshall turned his investment in Great Northern Oil Co. with Fred Koch during the 1950s into a 16% stake in Koch Industries, now the nation's largest privately held company. When his eldest son J. Howard Marshall III sided with Fred Koch's sons Bill and Fredrick and other collateral family members in a failed attempt to take over Koch Industries from Charles and David Koch, he stripped the eldest son of his inheritance. Conversely, during the same dispute, the late E. Pierce Marshall sided with his father, Charles Koch and David Koch.

Marriages

He married Eleanor Pierce in 1931 and divorced in 1961. His second marriage, to Bettye Bohannon, lasted from 1961 until her death in 1991. In 1994, at the age of 89, he married 26-year-old celebrity Anna Nicole Smith. Their marriage lasted fourteen months until his death.

Death and ensuing lawsuits

Following Marshall's death, Anna Nicole Smith (who died on February 8, 2007) became involved in a court battle with her former stepson, E. Pierce Marshall (who died on June 20, 2006). J. Howard's will and trust did not include Anna Nicole or J. Howard's other son, James Howard Marshall III. Much of the estate has been tied up in state and federal courts as Anna Nicole and J. Howard III sought to overturn the will and trust. In 2001, they both lost their cases during a six-month Texas state court jury trial, upholding Marshall's will and trust. Smith then declared bankruptcy in California and was awarded $474 million as a sanction for alleged misconduct. In 2002, the bankruptcy judgment was vacated and her award was reduced to $88 million in a Federal District Court in California. In December 2004, a three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the District Court decision under the probate exception, ruling that the federal courts lacked jurisdiction over state probate matters. The 9th Circuit decision also affirmed the primacy of Texas Probate decision which determine that no misconduct had taken place and that Smith was not one of J. Howard Marshall's heirs. However, on 1 May, 2006, the Supreme Court in "Marshall v. Marshall" reversed the ninth circuit's decision regarding the probate exception, allowing Smith another opportunity to pursue her claims in federal court. The case has been remanded to the 9th Circuit for adjudication of the remaining appellate issues not previously reached.

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.tamu.edu/upress/BOOKS/1994/marshall.htm J. Howard Marshall II, "Done in Oil: An Autobiography of J. Howard Marshall II" (College Station : Texas A & M University Press, 1994).]
*Otto J. Scott, "The Exception: The History of Ashland Oil", McGraw Hill, 1968
* [http://www.ashland.com/press_room/corporate_history.asp Ashland Oil history]
* [http://factweb.net/docs/howard Profile of J. Howard Marshall, II]
* [http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Polk_Alumnus_Pledge.htm "Wall Street Journal" article]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/08/arts/08cnd-smith.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "New York Times" article]
*imdb name|name=J. Howard Marshall II|id=2081135