Gluconic acid

Gluconic acid
D-Gluconic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 526-95-4 YesY
133-42-6 (racemate)
PubChem 10690
ChemSpider 10240 YesY
EC-number 208-401-4
ChEBI CHEBI:33198 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL464345 YesY
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C6H12O7
Molar mass 196.16 g/mol
Appearance Colorless crystals
Melting point

131 °C, 404 K, 268 °F

Solubility in water Good
Acidity (pKa) 3.86[1]
 YesY acid (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.

In aqueous solution at delicately acidic pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.

Contents

Chemical structure

The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.

Occurrence and uses

Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea, and wine. As a food additive (E574[2]), it is an acidity regulator. It is also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral deposits especially in alkaline solution. The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals. In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.[3]

Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid;[4][5] calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues.[6] Quinine gluconate is a salt between gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria. Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.[7] Iron gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.[8]

References

  1. ^ Bjerrum, J., et al. Stability Constants, Chemical Society, London, 1958.
  2. ^ Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers. Food Standards Agency
  3. ^ "All Chemistry". Time magazine. May 13, 1929. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732389-2,00.html#ixzz0tQOcdWve. Retrieved 2010-07-12. "Dr. Horace T. Herrick (U. S. Department of Agriculture) told of experiments aiming to produce tartaric acid from mold. They did not succeed in their aim, but a way was found of procuring gluconic acid. This acid formerly cost $100 per lb., can now be made for less than 35¢. It can be used in dyestuff manufacture at the new price; also, to make calcium gluconate, valuable medicinally in the treatment of hemorrhages." 
  4. ^ el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH (1989). "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure". Vet Hum Toxicol 31 (3): 243–7. PMID 2741315. 
  5. ^ Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D (2006). "Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate". J Burn Care Res 27 (6): 889–94. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09. PMID 17091088. 
  6. ^ D. Thomas, U. Jaeger, I. Sagoschen, C. Lamberti and K. Wilhelm (2009), Intra-Arterial Calcium Gluconate Treatment After Hydrofluoric Acid Burn of the Hand. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, Volume 32, Number 1, pages 155-158, DOI 10.1007/s00270-008-9361-1
  7. ^ Julie K. Levy, P. Cynda Crawford, Leslie D. Appel, Emma L. Clifford (2008), Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research Vol. 69, No. 1, Pages 140-143. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.140
  8. ^ Paul Reznikoff and Walther F. Goebel (1937), The preparation of ferrous gluconate and its use in the treatment of hypochromic anelia in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thereapy, volume 59 issue 2, page 182.

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Gluconic acid — Gluconic Glu*con ic, a. Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose. [1913 Webster] {Gluconic acid} (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; called also {maltonic acid}, and {dextronic acid}.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • gluconic acid — [glo͞o kän′ik] n. [ GLUC(OSE) + ON(E) + IC] a crystalline substance, CH2OH(CHOH) 4COOH, prepared by the oxidation of glucose and used in food products and pharmaceuticals, for cleaning metals, etc …   English World dictionary

  • gluconic acid — gliukono rūgštis statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Gliukozės oksidacijos produktas. formulė H(CHOH)₅COOH atitikmenys: angl. dextronic acid; gluconic acid rus. глюконовая кислота …   Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

  • gluconic acid — (ˈ)glü|känik noun Etymology: gluconic International Scientific Vocabulary gluc + onic : a crystalline acid HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH that is obtained by oxidation of glucose (as by fermentation with molds), that readily dehydrates to form lactones, and… …   Useful english dictionary

  • gluconic acid — The hexonic (aldonic) acid derived from glucose by oxidation of the –CHO group to –COOH. * * * glu·con·ic acid (.)glü .kän ik n a crystalline acid C6H12O7 obtained by oxidation of glucose and used chiefly in cleaning metals and as the source of… …   Medical dictionary

  • gluconic acid — /glooh kon ik/ a colorless, water soluble acid, C6H12O7, obtained by the oxidation of glucose, used commercially in a 50 percent solution for cleaning metals. Also, glyconic acid, glycogenic acid. [1870 75; trans. of G Glukonsäure; see GLUC ,… …   Universalium

  • gluconic acid — noun Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary, irregular from glucose + ic Date: 1871 a crystalline acid C6H12O7 obtained by oxidation of glucose …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • gluconic acid — noun An organic compound, CHO, formed by oxidizing the aldehyde functional group of glucose into a carboxylic acid; used as a food additive. Syn: E574, acidity regulator …   Wiktionary

  • gluconic acid — (Chemistry) acid prepared by electrolytic oxidization of glucose (used in the textile industry, foods, and medications) …   English contemporary dictionary

  • gluconic acid — glu•con′ic ac′id [[t]gluˈkɒn ɪk[/t]] n. chem. a colorless, water soluble acid, C6H12O7, obtained by the oxidation of glucose, used commercially in a 50 percent solution for cleaning metals • Etymology: 1870–75 …   From formal English to slang

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”