Constance Tipper

Constance Fligg Elam Tipper
Born	6 February 1894 New Barnet, Hertfordshire
Died	14 December 1995 (aged 101) Penrith, Cumbria
Education	Newnham College, Cambridge
Occupation	Metallurgist
Spouse	George Tipper

Constance Fligg Elam Tipper (6 February 1894 – 14 December 1995) was a British metallurgist and crystallographer.

Constance Tipper specialized in the investigation of metal strength and its effect on engineering problems. During the Second World War, she investigated the causes of brittle fracture in Liberty Ships. These ships were built in the United States between 1941 and 1945, and were the first all-welded pre-fabricated cargo ships.

Tipper established that the fractures were not caused by the welding but were caused by the steel itself. She demonstrated that there is a critical temperature below which the fracture mode in steel changes from ductile to brittle. Because ships in the North Atlantic were subjected to low temperatures, they were susceptible to brittle failure. These fatigue cracks were able to spread across the fused metal of the ship's welded joint plates, instead of stopping at plate edges of a rivetted joint that would have previously been used.

In 1949 Tipper was appointed Reader and became the only woman to be a full time member of the Faculty of Engineering of Cambridge University.

She was the first person to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine metallic fracture faces. She used a scanning electron microscope built by Charles Oatley and his team, the second SEM ever built.

She retired in 1960 and her 100th birthday in 1994 was celebrated by Newnham College with the planting of the Tipper Tree, a sweet chestnut.

Works

• "The Production of Single Crystals of Aluminium and their Tensile Properties" (with H. C. H. Carpenter). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London(1921).
• Deformation of Metal Crystals (1935).
• The Brittle Fracture Story (1962).

References

• Charles, Jim and Gerry Smith. "Constance Tipper: her life and work", Materials World (1996).
• Hayes, Evelyn. "Dr. Constance Tipper: testing her mettle in a materials world", Advanced Materials & Processes (1998).
• Cathcart, Brian. " No dinner, but a nice box of chocs", New Statesman (2004). Retrieved on May 27, 2007.
• Hetzel, Phyllis. Obituary, The Independent (1995). Retrieved on May 27, 2007.

External links

• Cambridge Biographical Sketch. Retrieved on May 27, 2007.
• Constance Tipper: A Public Radio Commentary. Retrieved on May 27, 2007.

Persondata
Name	Tipper, Constance
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	6 February 1894
Place of birth	New Barnet, Hertfordshire
Date of death	14 December 1995
Place of death	Penrith, Cumbria

This biography article of a United Kingdom academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: 1894 births 1995 deaths English centenarians British metallurgists English engineers Women in engineering Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Academics of the University of Cambridge Women in technology People educated at Saint Felix School British academic biography stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая? History of the City of Rockdale Capital ß Look at other dictionaries: Constance Tipper — Nombre Constance Fligg Elam Tipper Nacimiento February …   Wikipedia Español Constance (name) — Constance Pronunciation /ˈkɒnstəns/ Gender Female Origin Word/Name Latin Meaning Constant …   Wikipedia Tipper — This interesting and descriptive name is of Anglo Saxon origin, and is occupational for a maker of arrowheads, derived from the Middle English (1200 1500) tippe , tip head, a development of the Olde English pre 7th Century typpe . This is one of… …   Surnames reference Liberty ship — Liberty ships were cargo ships built in the United States during World War II. They were British in conception but adapted by the U.S., cheap and quick to build, and came to symbolize U.S. wartime industrial output. Based on vessels ordered by… …   Wikipedia Liste Hundertjähriger — Diese Liste enthält Persönlichkeiten, die ihr hundertstes Lebensjahr vollenden konnten. Nicht enthalten sind Altersrekordhalter, deren Bekanntheit ausschließlich auf ihrem hohen Alter beruht. Hundertjährige Persönlichkeiten von heute Personen,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Liste berühmter Hundertjähriger — Diese Liste enthält Persönlichkeiten, die ihr hundertstes Lebensjahr vollenden konnten. Noch lebende hundertjährige Persönlichkeiten Personen, die ein Lebensalter von 105 Jahren erreicht haben, sind kursiv dargestellt. A–G Hilja Aaltonen (* 27.… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Liste der Hundertjährigen — Diese Liste enthält Persönlichkeiten, die ihr hundertstes Lebensjahr vollenden konnten. Nicht enthalten sind Altersrekordhalter, deren Bekanntheit ausschließlich auf ihrem hohen Alter beruht. Hundertjährige Persönlichkeiten von heute Personen,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Liste prominenter Hundertjähriger — Diese Liste enthält Persönlichkeiten, die ihr hundertstes Lebensjahr vollenden konnten. Nicht enthalten sind Altersrekordhalter, deren Bekanntheit ausschließlich auf ihrem hohen Alter beruht. Hundertjährige Persönlichkeiten von heute Personen,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Liste von Hundertjährigen — Diese Liste enthält Persönlichkeiten, die ihr hundertstes Lebensjahr vollenden konnten. Nicht enthalten sind Altersrekordhalter, deren Bekanntheit ausschließlich auf ihrem hohen Alter beruht. Hundertjährige Persönlichkeiten von heute Personen,… …   Deutsch Wikipedia Crystallography — For the book of poetry, see Crystallography (book). A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter atoms are Sr and darker ones are Ti. Crystallography is the experimental science of the arrangement of atoms in… …   Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”