Dakhla Oasis

Dakhla Oasis الداخلة
—  Oasis  —
Dakhla Oasis, February 1988.
Nickname(s): Inner oasis
Dakhla Oasis Location in Egypt
Coordinates: 25°31′N 29°10′E / 25.517°N 29.167°E / 25.517; 29.167
Country	Egypt
Governorate	New Valley Governorate
Area
- Total	2,000 km2 (772.2 sq mi)
- Land	1,500 km2 (579.2 sq mi)
Population (2002)
- Total	75 000
- Ethnicities	Egyptians Ottomans (Qalamoun)
Time zone	EST (UTC+2)
Capital	'Ain Basil (Balat) (c. 2500 BCE-c. 1500 BCE) Mut (c. 1500 BCE- )

Dakhla Oasis (Arabic: الداخلة; transliteration: al-Dākhla; BGN: Al Wāḩāt ad Dākhilah), also spelt Dakhleh and known colloquially as the inner oasis, is one of the seven oases of Egypt's Western Desert (part of the Libyan Desert). Dakhla Oasis lies in the New Valley Governorate, 350 km from the Nile and between the oases of Farafra and Kharga. It measures approximately 80 km (50 mi) from east to west and 25 km (16 mi) from north to south.^[1]

History

Prehistory

The human history of this oasis started during the Pleistocene, when nomadic tribes settled sometimes there, in a time when the Sahara climate was wetter and where humans could have access to lakes and marshes. But about 6 000 years ago, the entire Sahara became drier, changing progressively into a hyper-arid desert (with less than 50 mm of rain per year). However, specialists think that nomadic hunter-gatherers began to settle almost permanently in the oasis of Dakhleh in the period of the Holocene (about 12 000 years ago), during new, but rare episodes of wetter times.

In fact, the drier climate didn't mean that there was no more water in what is now known as the Western Desert. The south of the Libyan Desert has the most important supply of subterranean water in the world, and the first inhabitants of the Dakhla Oasis had access to surface water sources.

Pharaonic Period

The first contacts between the pharaonic power and the oases started around 2550 BCE.

Islamic Period

The fortified Islamic town of Al Qasr was built at Dakhla Oasis in the 12th century probably on the remains of a Roman era settlement by the Ayyubid kings of Egypt.^[2]

After 1800

The first European traveller to find the Dakhla Oasis was Sir Archibald Edmonstone, in the year 1819.^[1] He was succeeded by several other early travellers, but it was not until 1908 that the first egyptologist, Herbert Winlock, visited Dakhla Oasis and noted its monuments in some systematic manner.^[1] In the 1950s, detailed studies began, first by Dr. Ahmed Fakhry, and in the late 1970s, an expedition of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale and the Dakhla Oasis Project each began detailed studies in the oasis.^[1]

Al-Qasr town at Dakhla Oasis

Geography

Dakhla Oasis consists of several communities, along a string of sub-oases. The main settlements are Mut (more fully Mut el-Kharab and anciently called Mothis), Al-Qasr, Qalamoun, together with several smaller villages. Some of the communities have identities that are separate from each other. Qalamoun has inhabitants that trace their origins to the Ottomans.

Dakhleh Oasis Project

The Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP) is a long-term study project of the Dakhleh Oasis and the surrounding palaeoasis, initiated in 1978 when the Royal Ontario Museum and the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities were awarded a joint concession for part of the Oasis.^[3] In 1979, the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History at Monash University began to cooperate in the project.^[1]

The DOP studies the interaction between environmental changes and human activity in the Dakhleh Oasis. The director of the DOP is Anthony J. Mills, former curator at the Royal Ontario Museum. The excavations at Ismant el-Kharab (ancient Kellis),^[4] Mut el-Kharab (ancient Mothis),^[5] Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa^[6] are undertaken with the cooperation of Monash University, under the direction of Gillian E. Bowen. Bowen and Colin Hope, also of Monash, are the principal investigators at Ismant el-Kharab. The DOP has also excavated at 'Ain el-Gazzareen,^[7] El Qasr el-Dakhil,^[8] Deir el Hagar^[9] and Ain Birbiyeh.^[10]

As well as the Dakhleh Trust, formed in 1999 to raise money for the DOP, organizations which have supported or participated in the DOP include: the Royal Ontario Museum, the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Monash University, the University of Durham, the University of Toronto, Columbia University, the American Research Centre in Egypt, the Egyptology Society of Victoria and New York University.

In addition, excavations are undertaken at Amheida under the direction of Roger S. Bagnall. These were originally conducted under the auspices of Columbia University, but are currently conducted for New York University.^[11]

Dakhleh Trust

The Dakhleh Trust was formed in 1999 and is a registered charity in Britain.

Its declared aim is to advance understanding of the history of the environment and cultural evolution throughout the Quaternary period in the eastern Sahara, and particularly in the Dakhla Oasis.

To this end, the present trustees have committed themselves to supporting the DOP.

Trustees

Name	Personal details	Office
John Ruffle MA	Retired museum curator and Egyptologist	Chairman
Judith Trowell		Treasurer
Sir Graham Boyce KCMG
Glenys Carter MBE	Retired director, National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries
Simon deMare	Museologist
Anthony Harris
Peter Mackenzie-Smith	Managing director, Prothero Limited

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Dakleh Oasis Projects, Arts, Monash University". Monash University. September 24, 2010. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/index.php. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
2. ^ Su (March 31, 2009). "Qasr Dakhla, Egyptian Monuments". http://egyptsites.wordpress.com/2009/03/13/qasr-dakhla/. Retrieved 2011-02-08.  (blog)
3. ^ "SSEA Dakleh Oasis Project". Society for the Study of Egyption Antiquities. 2006. http://www.thessea.org/fieldwork_dop.php. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
4. ^ "Ismant el-Kharab, ancient Kellis". Monash University. November 12, 2010. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/ismant-el-kharab/index.php. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
5. ^ "Excavations at Mut el-Kharab, Dakhleh Oasis". Monash University. December 9, 2010. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/mut-el-kharab/index.php. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
6. ^ "Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa, Dakhleh Oasis". Monash University. November 5, 2010. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/metta-muzawwaqa/index.php. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
7. ^ "'Ain el-Gazzareen". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. http://www.dakhleh.com/gazzareen.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
8. ^ "El Qasr el-Dakhil". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. http://www.dakhleh.com/dakhil.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
9. ^ "Deir el Hagar". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. http://www.dakhleh.com/hagar.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
10. ^ "Annual Report 2008, Ain Birbiyeh Temple Project" (PDF). Monash University. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/assets/documents/birbiyeh-report-2008.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 
11. ^ NYU. "NYU Excavations at Amheida". http://www.amheida.org/. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 

Further reading

Published works

• Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, I : Siwa Oasis, Le Caire, Amer. Univ. in Cairo Press.
• Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, II: Bahriyah and Farafra Oases, Le Caire, Univ. in Cairo Press, c. 2003.
• Giddy, L. Egyptian Oases: Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra and Kharga during Pharaonic Times, Warminster, Aris & Philips, 1987.
• Jackson, R. At Empire’s Edge: Exploring Rome’s Egyptian Frontier, New Haven et Londres, Yale University Press, 2002.

• Thurston, H. Island of the Blessed : the Secrets of Egypt’s Everlasting Oasis, Toronto, Doubleday, 2003.
• Vivian, C. The Western Desert of Egypt: an explorer’s handbook, AUC Press, le Caire, 2000.
• Wagner, G. Les oasis d’Égypte à l’époque grecque, romaine et byzantine, d’après les documents grecs, Le Caire, Recherches de papyrologie et d’épigraphie grecques, 1987.

External links

• Dakhla in the Old Kingdom
• Travel guide
• (German) Dākhla on Wikivoyage

Coordinates: 25°31′N 29°10′E / 25.517°N 29.167°E / 25.517; 29.167