John Calvin's view of Scripture

The doctrine of Scripture plays a vital role in the writings of John Calvin. John Calvin's view of Scripture can be found mainly in his Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Necessity

Calvin viewed Scripture as necessary in two ways.

*General revelation cannot in itself give us a saving knowledge of God. Although he can be known in some ways through creation he has "added the light of his Word in order that he might make himself known unto salvation." [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.vii.html "Institutes" I.vi.1] .] Calvin compares Scripture to being like a pair of spectacles, that enable us to properly interpret what we see in creation:

For as the aged, or those whose sight is defective, when any books however fair, is set before them, though they perceive that there is something written are scarcely able to make out two consecutive words, but, when aided by glasses, begin to read distinctly, so Scripture, gathering together the impressions of Deity, which, till then, lay confused in our minds, dissipates the darkness, and shows us the true God clearly. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.vii.html "Institutes" I.vi.1] .]

*Inscripturation is necessary to avoid the errors inherent in oral transmission:

For if we reflect how prone the human mind is to lapse into forgetfulness of God, how readily inclined to every kind of error, how bent every now and then on devising new and fictitious religions, it will be easy to understand how necessary it was to make such a depository of doctrine as would secure it from either perishing by the neglect, vanishing away amid the errors, or being corrupted by the presumptuous audacity of men. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.vii.html "Institutes" I.vi.3] .]

Authority

Calvin viewed Scripture as being equivalent to an utterance of God given from heaven:

Since no daily responses are given from heaven, and the Scriptures are the only records in which God has been pleased to consign his truth to perpetual remembrance, the full authority which they ought to possess with the faithful is not recognised, unless they are believed to have come from heaven, as directly as if God had been heard giving utterance to them. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.viii.html "Institutes" I.vii.1] .]

Calvin believed Scripture to be the Word of God. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.viii.html "Institutes" I.vii.4] .] He considered that Christians do not need the testimony of the church to appreciate its authority, since it is self-authenticating, [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.viii.html "Institutes" I.vii.2] ] and that it is only through the Holy Spirit that we know it to be the Word of God:

The same Spirit, therefore, who spoke by the mouth of the prophets, must penetrate our hearts, in order to convince us that they faithfully delivered the message with which they were divinely entrusted... Scripture, carrying its own evidence along with it, deigns not to submit to proofs and arguments, but owes the full conviction with which we ought to receive it to the testimony of the Spirit.. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.viii.html "Institutes" I.vii.4-5] .]

According to Calvin, Word and Spirit must always go together. Scripture gives us a saving knowledge of God, but only when its certainty is "founded on the inward persuasion of the Holy Spirit.". [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.ix.html "Institutes" I.viii.13] .] It is "foolish to attempt to prove to infidels that the Scripture is the Word of God," since this can only be known by faith. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.ix.html "Institutes" I.viii.13] .] Nevertheless, he did see a place for evidences of Scripture's authority, as long it is recognised that they are secondary:

The human testimonies which go to confirm it will not be without effect, if they are used in subordination to that chief and highest proof, as secondary helps to our weakness. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.ix.html "Institutes" I.viii.13] .]

The "chief and highest proof" being, of course, the testimony of the Holy Spirit, though Calvin does not say that the inward testimony of the Holy Spirit is the "source" of this authority. John Murray has suggested that the distinction between the authority intrinsic to Scripture, and our persuasion that it is authoritative is not "as clearly formulated in Calvin as we might desire." [Murray, John. "Calvin on Scripture and Divine Sovereignty" (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 44.]

Character

Calvin viewed Scripture as being both "majestic" and "simple". According to Ford Lewis Battles, Calvin had discovered that "sublimity of style and sublimity of thought were not co-terminus." [Battles, Ford Lewis. "God Was Accommodating Himself to Human Capacity," in Donald McKim (ed.) "Readings in Calvin's Theology" (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), 38.]

Majesty

Calvin believed that Scripture possesses "a divine majesty which will subdue our presumptuous opposition, and force us to do it homage." [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.viii.html "Institutes" I.vii.4] .] It speaks with a unified voice, and its parts make up a perfect harmony:

How admirably the system of divine wisdom contained in it is arranged—how perfectly free the doctrine is from every thing that savours of earth—how beautifully it harmonises in all its parts—and how rich it is in all the other qualities which give an air of majesty to composition. [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.ix.html "Institutes" I.viii.1] .]

implicity

Scripture, according to Calvin, also has an "unpolished simplicity". It is not particularly eloquent, for that would detract from its message:

The sublime mysteries of the kingdom of heaven have for the greater part been delivered with a contemptible meanness of words. Had they been adorned with a more splendid eloquence, the wicked might have cavilled, and alleged that this constituted all their force. But now, when an unpolished simplicity, almost bordering on rudeness, makes a deeper impression than the loftiest flights of oratory, what does it indicate if not that the Holy Scriptures are too mighty in the power of truth to need the rhetorician’s art? [ [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.ix.html "Institutes" I.viii.1] .]

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