Stylidium graminifolium

Taxobox

---

image_caption = "S. graminifolium" flowers
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Asterales
familia = Stylidiaceae
genus = "Stylidium"
subgenus = "Tolypangium"
sectio = "Lineares"
species = "S. graminifolium"
binomial = "Stylidium graminifolium"
binomial_authority = Sw. ex Willd.
synonyms ="Candollea serrulata" Labill. "Candollea graminifolia" (Willd.) F.Muell.

"Stylidium graminifolium", the grass triggerplant, is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus "Stylidium" (family Stylidiaceae). This species used to belong to the "Stylidium graminifolium" complex, but the name was conserved for this single species when two others were split from the complex and introduced as new species in 2001.Jackson, W.D. and Wiltshire, R.J.E. (2001). [http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/150/paper/SB99024.htm Historical taxonomy and a resolution of the "Stylidium graminifolium" complex (Stylidiaceae) in Tasmania] . "Australian Systematic Botany", 14(6): 937-969.] "S. graminifolium" is endemic to Australia and is one of the "Stylidium" species with the widest distribution throughout Australia.Darnowski, Douglas W. (2002). "Triggerplants". Australia: Rosenberg Publishing.] It is a perennial plant with grass-like leaves and is easily cultivated. It has been considered to be a carnivorous or protocarnivorous plant because it possesses glandular trichomes underneath the flowers that can trap and digest prey.

Characteristics

This species is an erect perennial herb with 5-40 cm long narrow, grass-like leaves that appear from a basal rosette. A 15-90 cm long scape bearing the racemous inflorescence appears in the spring and summer (October through February). The flowers are butterfly shaped and pale or bright pink with petals paired laterally. The calyx and corolla are both covered in glandular trichomes. The pollination mechanism involving a sensitive "trigger"--a floral column, in which the stamen and style are fused--is unique to the family Stylidiaceae. In "S. graminifolium", the column is red and stamens are a greenish color. [Erickson, Rica. (1958). Triggerplants. Paterson Brokensha Pty. Ltd.: Perth, W.A.] This species, like most "Stylidium" species, possesses glandular trichomes underneath the flower and on the scape, which are capable of digesting and absorbing nutrients from prey captured in the sticky mucilage. This information leads some researchers to believe that the plants are carnivorous or at the very least protocarnivorous. [Darnowski, D.W., Carroll, D.M., Płachno, B., Kabanoff, E., and Cinnamon, E. (2006). Evidence of protocarnivory in triggerplants ("Stylidium" spp.; Stylidiaceae). "Plant Biology", 8(6): 805-812. (Abstract online: [http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2006-924472 HTML] )]

Distribution and habitat

"S. graminifolium" has one of the widest ranges in the "Stylidium" genus, extending from Tasmania to Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland over to South Australia. Its most common habitat is dry sclerophyll forests with nutrient-poor soil conditions.

Botanical history

"S. graminifolium" was one of only four "Stylidium" species collected in 1770 from Botany Bay when Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander joined James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean on board the "Endeavour". [Stearn, William T. (1969). [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9149(196906)24:1%3C64:ARSAWV%3E2.0.CO;2-J A Royal Society Appointment with Venus in 1769: The Voyage of Cook and Banks in the 'Endeavour' in 1768-1771 and Its Botanical Results] . "Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London", 24(1): 64-90.] It was first formally described by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1805. It was again described by Olof Swartz just two years later in 1807 under the same name. Around the same time, other botanists were considering placing these new species in the new genus "Candollea", which would be in the Dilleniaceae family, but "Stylidium" was retained as the older nomenclature and placed in its own family, Stylidiaceae. [The International Plant Names Index. (2004). " [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Stylidium&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Stylidium] ". Accessed 2 April, 2007.]

"Stylidium graminifolium" complex

After "S. graminifolium" was discovered and formally described, new forms and varieties were added to what came to be known as the "Stylidium graminifolium" complex, a group of plants that has been treated as a single species but may have significant morphological differences that require the complex to be split into new species. The complex was formally split into three species in 2001, with "S. graminifolium" lectotypified from the collections of Banks and Solander in the 1770s. "S. graminifolium" "sensu stricto" is more narrow-leaved and is diploid (2n = 30). The other two species, "S. dilatatum" and "S. armeria", that used to be included in this complex are tetraploid (2n = 60) and may represent polyploid speciation. The three species also represented different habitats and ranges, with "S. graminifolium" distributed widely in south-eastern continental Australia and Tasmania, "S. dilatatum" in the subalpine areas of south-eastern Australia and widely distributed in Tasmania, and "S. armeria" in the littoral habitats in Tasmania from Macquarie Harbour to the Tasman Peninsula.

Cultivation

"S. graminifolium" is one of the few "Stylidium" species commercially available for sale as seed. This species, along with six other triggerplants, was tested for horticultural value and cold hardiness by Douglas Darnowski in the United States from 2000 to 2002. Dr. Darnowski's study concluded that "S. graminifolium" was able to survive cold temperatures down to -10°C, making it suitable for growing outside in as low as USDA hardiness zone 8. Darnowski also postulated that "S. graminifolium"'s attractive floral spikes could be of use in floriculture and could be used to replace purple loosestrife in winter and spring arrangements. It has a relatively long flowering period and has somewhat specific conditions for germination, including smoke treatments and higher temperatures to simulate a bushfire, though germination can occur without these conditions. These germination requirements reduce the risk that it will become an invasive species. It is also able to grow on nutrient-poor soils and withstand significant drought. These attributes increase its potential for floricultural use. [Darnowski, D.W. (2003). Triggerplants ("Stylidium"; Stylidiaceae): A new floral and horticultural crop with preliminary analysis of hardiness. "Proceedings of the XXVI International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, Canada 11-17 August, 2002; Elegant Science in Floriculture", "Acta Hort.", 624: 93-101.]

There are two cultivars of "S. graminifolium", Tiny Trina and Little Saphire, that are tentatively recognized cultivar names by the Royal Horticultural Society. [ [http://www.rhs.org.uk/Databases/HortDatabase.asp?ID=227826 Royal Horticultural Society database search] for "S. graminifolium 'Tiny Trina'. Accessed 21 April 2007.] [ [http://www.rhs.org.uk/Databases/HortDatabase.asp?ID=227825 Royal Horticultural Society database search] for "S. graminifolium 'Little Saphire'. Accessed 21 April 2007.] The epithet Little Saphire is derived from the bright blue foliage that distinguishes this cultivar from the type species. Tiny Trina has a deeper flower color and leaves that are a darker shade of green with varying leaf blade widths. It also begins to flower later in the season. [ [http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1415263.htm ABC Gardening Australia transcript] of the 1 October 2005 show. Accessed 21 April 2007.]

See also

* List of "Stylidium" species

External links

* [http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Stylidium~graminifolium PlantNET profile on "Stylidium graminifolium]

References