Padishah

Padishah

Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah (Persian پادشاه "Pādeshāh") is a very prestigious title, which is composed from the Persian words "pād" "master" and the better-known title "shāh" "king", which was adopted by several Islamic monarchies claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to Christian Emperors or the ancient notion of a "Great King". The word "kshatrapati" is a Sanskrit near-cognate.

History of Islamic monarchies

The rulers on the following thrones, the first three effectively commanding major Muslim empires, were styled Padishah:
*The Shahanshah of Iran (King of Kings of Persia), also recognized by some Shia Muslims as the rightful Caliph (a claim of universal rule, as their Zoroastrian Sassanid predecessors did often express by inserting in their title 'of Iran and Aniran (i.e. the rest of the world)').
*The Great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, also claiming the title of Caliph (the highest religious authority, as successor to the Prophet Mohammed), recognized by most Sunni Muslims; his Persian arch-rival was Shiite).
*Over most of the Indian subcontinent (where there also was a Sanskritised version, Patisaha), the Mughal Sultan of Delhi as head of the vast (later British Indian) Moghul Empire. The title was also used by Muslim rulers over smaller parts of that subcontinent:
** His challenger Tipu Sultan (in full Padshah bahadur; the addition "bahadur", originally Mongolian for 'brave', always signifies a slightly higher rank, implicitely proclaiming himself the Mughal's "superior") in Khudadad (in fact the realm of Mysore, which his father and he took over from the Hindu Maharaja, and neighbouring conquests), respected by the British as a valid military adversary but crushed (for siding with London's French rivals). He was killed in 1799.
** A former vassal of Delhi, the former "Nawab" (i.e. Mughal governor, turned hereditary prince) of Avadh(Oudh), who assumed independence at the instigation of the colonial paramount power, who in turn established a protectorate over him, ended the Mughal rule (by then merely nominal) and finally would claim imperial rank in chief of India for their own royal dynasty;
** Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled "Amir-i shariat", successors (Khan and) "Wali") of the tiny (one valley) Pakistani North West Frontier state of Swat called himself "badshah" from November 1918 to March 1926. [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Pakistan/swat.htm]
*In Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Duranni founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title ""Pādshah-i Afghanistan" in Persian Dari, then Da Afghanistan "Bacha" in the Pashto language. The Sadozai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shoja Shah in 1839. The title went dormant after his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style "Emir (Amir al-Momenin)" or Malik=King. [http://www.rulers.org/rula1.html]
*The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al-Amin (ruling since 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style "padshah" 20 March 1956 - 25 July 1957.

The paramount prestige of this title, in Islam and even beyond, is clearly apparent from the Ottoman Empire's dealings with the (predominantly Christian) European powers. As the Europeans and the Russians gradually drove the Turks from the Balkans, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, they insisted—even at the cost of delaying the end of hostilities—on the usage of the title 'Padishah' for themselves in the Turkish versions of their treaties with the High Porte, as acknowledgement that their Christian emperors were in all diplomatic and protocollary capacities the equal of the Turkish ruler, who by his religious paramount office in Islam (Caliph) had a theoretical claim of universal sovereignty (at least among Sunnites).

The compound Pādshah-i-Ghazi 'Victorious Emperor' is only recorded for two individual rulers:
*H.M. Ahmad Shah Bahadur, "Padshah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran" ('pearl of pearls'), Padshah of Khorasan (today Afghanistan) 1747 - 1772
*H.H. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil] , Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad 1829 - 1857

:Note that as many titles, the word was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners

Fictional usage

In Frank Herbert's "Dune" series, the Padishah Emperor — also commonly referred to as "Emperor of the Known Universe" or "Emperor of a Million Worlds" — is the supreme ruler of humanity, whose power is checked by the Spacing Guild, the Bene Gesserit and the Landsraad.

Common usage

The term shah was dropped after the Ottoman landing in the North East Libyan town of Musrata and the pronunciation of Padi became Badi due to Arab language barriers.

There is a large family of Turkish origin Padishahs using the surname Badi in modern day Libya.

ources and references

* [http://4dw.net/royalark/ RoyalArk] – Select present country, then choose dynasty from its menu
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen] idem; more cases but less thorough
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/P0009400.html| Bartbleby.com Dictionary&Etymology]

ee also

*Shah
*Shahanshah
*Sultan
*Badshah


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Synonyms:
(of Persia) / (of Turkey),


Look at other dictionaries:

  • Padishah — Pādishah aussi pādischah ou padshah ou encore badshah est un titre monarchique de langue persane composé de pādi (maître) et shah (roi). Il s agit probablement d une continuation de la titulature royale achéménide qui désignait le souverain comme …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Padishah — Pa di*shah , n. [Per. p[=a]dish[=a]h. Cf. {Pasha}.] Chief ruler; monarch; sovereign; a title of the Sultan of Turkey, and of the Shah of Persia. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • padishah — [pä′dē shä΄] n. [Pers pādshāh < pati, master (< Sans pāti: see POTENT) + shāh,SHAH1] a title formerly used for: a) a great king; emperor b) [often P ] the shah of Iran c) [often P ] the sultan of Turkey …   English World dictionary

  • Padishah Emperor — For the royal title, see Padishah. Padishah Emperor Shaddam Corrino IV, portrayed by Giancarlo Giannini in the Dune miniseries (2000) Padishah Emperor[1] is the title given to the hereditary rulers of the Old Empire in …   Wikipedia

  • padishah — /pah di shah , shaw /, n. (often cap.) great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the shah of Iran, the sultan of Turkey, and to the British sovereign as emperor in India). [1605 15; < Pers (poetical form), equiv. to padi (earlier… …   Universalium

  • Padishah — noun /ˈpɑːdɪʃɑː/ a ruler of a Muslim country or state …   Wiktionary

  • PADISHAH —    from two Persian words meaning protector prince, is a title given to the Shah of Persia and the Sultan of Turkey, and at one time applied, among others, to the Emperors of Austria and Russia …   The Nuttall Encyclopaedia

  • padishah — n. great king; title of formers Shahs of Iran; former title for the sultan of Turkey …   English contemporary dictionary

  • padishah — n. 1. Shah (of Persia). 2. Sultan (of Turkey), Turkish emperor …   New dictionary of synonyms

  • padishah — pa·di·shah …   English syllables

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