- Thorntoun house and estate
Thorntoun School was opened by
Barnardo's in September 1971 for children with emotional difficulties aged 11 to 16 years. The school closed in 1990 and Thorntoun is now aNursing Home . The complex lies between the villages ofSpringside (North Ayrshire) and Crosshouse,Kilmarnock inEast Ayrshire ,Scotland . The old Thorntoun mansion house was demolished in the late 1940s, leaving the West Lodge, some of the home farm outbuildings, the stables and the walled garden as 'memorials' to the ancient history of the site. Many fine trees remain from the estate policies and the surviving gardens are very well maintained (2007). An entrance with a slight deviation from the old course has been created to serve the large modern buildings which house the nursing home.The History of Thorntoun house and estate
In 1823 the historian Robertson Robertson, Robertson, George (1823). A Genealogical Account of the Principal Families in Ayrshire. Pub. A. Constable, Irvine.] describes "“Thornton” as being “situated about half way betwixt Irvine and Kilmarnock: the manor or place (palace) is an elegant modern mansion, set down on the brow of a considerable height, overlooking, from amid its fine old timber and more recent plantings, a great expanse of rich country.”"In 1866 James Paterson , another historian, brought up locally, gives ‘Thorntoun’ as "“This property, situated to the west of Busbie (
Knockentiber ), is about convert|300|acre|km2 in extent. It belonged, of old, according to Wood, to one of the branches of the Montgomerie family.”" Paterson, James (1866). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. V.III. – Cunninghame. Pub. J. Stillie. Edinburgh.]The Montgomery, Mure and Ross families
Thorntoun was at first part of the Barony of
Kilmaurs and then later it was placed within the Barony of Robertoun, Parish of Kilmaurs. The estate is first recorded as belonging to Murthhaw or Murchaw deMontgomery , who is mentioned in the Ragman's Roll (a list of those loyal to Edward I of England) of 1296. A Johne of Montgomery of Thornetoun is mentioned in a legal document of 1482, forfeiting the estate to Lord Home by order of KingJames V . By the beginning of the seventeenth century Thorntoun had passed into the ownership of another ancient and renowned Ayrshire family, the Mures (or Muirs), a branch of the Mures of Rowallan Castle nearKilmaurs . James Mure, Burgess of Glasgow, had married Margaret, a daughter of Robert Ross of Thorntoun on June 27, 1607 and inherited the property through his spouse. Nothing is known of how and when the Ross’s, another ancient Ayrshire family, had come to possess Thorntoun. Hew (Hugh) was one son, a merchant in Edinburgh, his will is dated4 Nov 1679 and another son, James succeeded to the property of Thorntoun, and married a Janet Naper, who died in 1626. Robert Muir, son of James & Janet, is mentioned in a document of 1634.Paterson, James (1866). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. V.III. – Cunninghame. Pub. J. Stillie. Edinburgh.]The Cuninghame Family
Archibald Muir of Thorntoun was knighted by King William III in 1698 and his only daughter, Margaret, married John Cuninghame of Caddel, in the Parish of
Ardrossan , in 1699. They inherited Thorntoun and Caddel and had two sons and three daughters. Archibald succeeded his father and John became a successful merchant inLisbon (Portugal), eventually retiring to live at Carmelbank (previously called Mote), adjacent to Thorntoun. Their father was married a second time to a daughter of Mr. Stevenson of Montgreenan, by whom they had another sixteen children. This John Cuninghame died in 1753. Archibald Cuninghame, who was a captain in Boscawen’s 29th. Regiment of Foot, married Christiana, eldest daughter of Andrew Macredie ofPerceton in 1754. They had three sons, John, Andrew and Archibald and five daughters. Their eldest son was Lieut-Col. John Cuninghame, born in 1756 and died in 1836. He entered the army in 1775 and served in America (now the USA) and theWest Indies . He was severely wounded whilst fighting the French in the Caribbean island ofSt. Kitts . John recovered to serve on board the 74 gun, HMS Montague, at the great Caribbean naval victory of theBattle of the Saintes against the French who were commanded by Admiral CountFrançois Joseph Paul de Grasse . He left the army as a lieutenant-colonel in 1802. John's spouse was Sarah Peebles, only daughter of Major John Peebles in Irvine, late of the 42nd regiment, She was born in 1783 and died in 1854. They had nine children, Andrew, John, Archibald, Anna, Christiana, Helen, Margaret, Catherine and Sarah. Many of the family died in childhood or when relatively young. Catherine married Clarence Esme Stuart of Oldenham Abbey,Hertfordshire . Christiana first inherited, followed by Sarah. The colonels' rental value of the property in 1799 was £300 (Scots) per annum, compared with that of theEarl of Eglinton , who had an income of £1,120 (Scots) from his estatesMcNaught, *McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner.] . The Lieut-Col and his family are commemorated and / or buried at the family burial plot in the cemetery of Kilmaurs-Glencairn kirk. Robertson, Robertson, George (1823). A Genealogical Account of the Principal Families in Ayrshire. Pub. A. Constable, Irvine.]The Wrey Family
Location map
Scotland
label = Thorntoun Estate
position = right
lat = 55.613389
long = -4.572722
mark =
caption = The Location of Thorntoun Estate, East Ayrshire.
width = 150Sarah Cuninghame’s spouse was George Bourchier Wrey fromNorth Devon . They had a son, George Edward Bourchier Wrey who had succeeded to the property by 1912. He appaers to have inherited Carmelbank from his great-uncle, John Cuninghame by this dateMcNaught, *McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner.] . The combined rental income of Thorntoun and Carmelbank was £2,640 12s 0d., the second highest in the parish, only exceeded by Robert Morris Pollock-Morris of Craig houseMcNaught, McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner.] . This is a reversal for both of the situation in 1799 and may reflect earnings from the establishment of collieries, etc. rather than the straightforward 'traditional' income from farms and the like.Coat of Arms
The
Coat of Arms are a ‘shake fork’ with a ‘cinq foil’, for Glengarnock: a cross ‘maline’, within a Bordure invectee, for Caddel: three stars within a border invectee for Muir of Thorntoun and a crest of a Unicorn’s head erect. The motto is ‘Over fork over’ and as such is unchaged from that of the senior branch, the Cunninghames of Kilmaurs, Earls of Glencairn. Robertson, Robertson, George (1823). A Genealogical Account of the Principal Families in Ayrshire. Pub. A. Constable, Irvine.]The Barony of Robertoun
This barony, once part of the Barony of Kilmaurs, ran from Kilmaurs south to the river Irvine. It had no manor house and belonged to the
Eglinton family latterly. The following properties were part of the barony: parts of Kilmaurs, Craig, Gatehead, Woodhills, Greenhill, Altonhill, Plann, Hayside, Thorntoun, Rash-hill Park, Milton, Windyedge, Fardelhill, Muirfields, Corsehouse and Knockentiber.The Darien Affair
The Darien Company was an attempt by the Scots to set up a trading colony in America in the late 1690s, however the opposition from England and elsewhere was so great that the attempt failed with huge losses and great financial implications for the country and for individuals. Half of the whole circulating capital of Scotland was subscribed and mostly lost. In Cunninghame some examples of losses are Sir Archibald Mure of Thorntoun (£1000), Major James Cunninghame of Aiket (£200), Sir William Cunninghame of Cunninghamhead (£1000), William Watson of Tour (£150) and James Thomson of Hill in Kilmaurs (£100). In modern terms a thousand pounds loss in the 17th century must have been a devastating blow to the family finances. Dobie, James (1876). Pont's Cunninghame topographized 1604-1608 with continuations and illustrative notices (1876). Pub. John Tweed.]
The Journals of Major John Peebles
Located in the Cuninghame of Thorntoun Papers in the National Archives of Scotland is the American Revolution journal of Captain John Peebles (1739-1823), a grenadier officer of the 42nd (Royal Highland Regiment or Black Watch). The journal provides an enlightening insight into the life and activities of the British army during the rebellion. John Peebles was John Cuninghame's father-in-law.
In 1780 Captain John Peebles noted in his journal the "General Rules for Manouvring the Battn. by the Commanding Officer"; appended to these directions are a series of signals for giving orders to the troops -
ignals by Drum
The following extracts illustrate the battlefield manoeuvres which drum 'signals' could signal -
Preparative, to begin firing by Companies, which is to go on as fast as each is loaded till the first part of the General when not a shot more is ever to be fired.
Grenadrs. March. to advance in Line.
Point of War. to Charge.
To Arms. to form the Battn. (whether advancing or Retreating in Column) upon the leading division.
Double flam. to halt Upon the word forward, in forming, the Divisions to run up in Order.15
The New Jersey Brigade and the Monmouth Campaign
Here are a few extracts from John's American War of Independence journal -
Monday 22d. June rain in the night The Army... moved on to the Black Horse a small Village about 7 or convert|8|mi|km from Mount holly & Encampd in two lines facing NW-- Genl. Kniphausens Division on the left-- the Queens Rangers on our Right... Maxwells Corps of Rebels left the Black horse this Morng.
Sunday 28th June a fight... (This was the The
Battle of Monmouth !). Monday 29th. June … Genl. Knyphausens Division moved on to Middletown, with the Provision & baggage Train - & wounded.Evidence from Ordnance Survey (OS) and other maps
Timothy Pont's map of 1604 as published by Blaeu in 1654 clearly marks ThorntounPont, Timothy (1604). "Cuninghamia." Pub. Blaeu in 1654.] so do Ainslie's map of 1821Ainslie, John (1821). A Map of the Southern Part of Scotland.] , Armstrong's mapArmstrong and Son. Engraved by S.Pyle (1775). A New Map of Ayr Shire comprehending Kyle, Cunningham and Carrick.] of 1775 and Herman Moll's map of "The Shire of Renfrew with Cuningham" in 1745. General Roy's Military Survey map of Scotland (1745 - 55) shows the site named as simply 'Thorn'.Thomson's map of 1828 gives some detail, showing two entrances and driveways, with substantial woodlands and an enclosed park on the Springside boundary, as used for deer or cattle. He also marks the name 'Mains', indicating the home farm, apparently situated to the right of the house on the 'east' driveway on the Crosshouse side.Thomson, John (1828). A Map of the Northern Part of Ayrshire.] .This was later rebuilt above the 'West' Lodge (1898 OS), however buildings remain in the 'old' site up until the time of the 1921-28 OS map. This map also indicates a building roughly in the centre of the walled garden. The walls show no signs of typical conservatory-style greenhouses built against them, so this may be a large 'greenhouse'. The stone is
red sandstone with freestone corners and coping stones. The materials were landed atTroon harbour and brought here by cart. A 'trig point ' is carved on the corner of the walled garden nearest the old quarry.Thompson, George, Head Gardener. Thorntoun Nursing Home. 2007. Oral Communication to Griffith, Roger S. Ll.] . A well is shown near the walled garden in the vicinity of the modern housing. An old freestone quarry is shown on the 1860 map, close to thetrig point on the walled garden. Buildings are indicated on the 1912 OS map as lying fairy close to the northern wall of the walled gardens. Only vague foundations and scattered stones now exist at the site in 2007.The 1912 map appears to show an enclosed area, partially wooded, in the nearby field, of a similar size and shape to the walled garden. This may be a
fox covert or cover for pheasants. No sign of this feature is now extant (2007).A small cottage used to stand near the entrance to the new driveway into the nursing homeThompson, George, Head Gardener. Thorntoun Nursing Home. 2007. Oral Communication to Griffith, Roger S. Ll.] . The 1912 map shows a track running into the estate at this point and this building may have served as a lodge house. The name 'West Lodge' itself suggests that a second lodge existed at one time and the 1911 OS clearly marks this lodge situated at what is now the realigned entrance to the main driveway.
A number of local names appear to have been lost, such as Thornhill (1604), Greenside, Hayside, and Laurieslaw from 1828 and Montgomery Holme (1745 - 1828). A Laurieland Row, Crawfurdhill and Thorntoun Row were present in 1860. A Thornyhill cottage is however present (2007) near Busbiehill.
The
Royal Mail re-organised its postal districts in the 1930s and at that point many hamlets and localities ceased to exist officially, such as Sprighill, Corsehill, Bankhead and KirklandsStrawhorn, John and Boyd, William (1951). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland. Ayrshire. Pub. Edinburgh.] Springside's "Auld Lang Syne" (2002). Springside Women's Health Group. P. 2.] . The present Springside was called Bankhead up until at least the 1921 - 1928 OS, the hamlet of Springside being originally clustered around the railway station.A number of
Lime kiln s are marked on 1860 OS, the nearest being at Holme and West Gatehead farms.The Turnpike and Milestones
In 1776Taylor, G. and Skinner, A. (1776) 'Survey and maps of the roads of North Britain or Scotland'] Thorntoun is marked on the toll road to Irvine and the two milestones are shown. A horse trough was present on the left of the main road facing Springside, in between the West Lodge and the lane up to Thorntoun Mains; the trough has long vanished, but its niche in the bank with its side walls is still there. This was a
turnpike or Toll road, with the nearestToll house located at Crosshouse. The 1860 OS map show two milestones were near Thorntoun, one close to the junction of the lane down to Hallbarns and Cauldhame farms and the other on the left facing Crosshouse, before the Holm Burn bridge, indicating convert|4|mi|km to Irvine and three toKilmarnock . Most milestones were buried during theSecond World War so as not to provide assistance to invading troops, German spies, etc. This happened all over Scotland, howeverFife at least was more fortunate than Ayrshire, for the stones were taken into storage and put back in place after the war had finishedStephen, Walter M. (1967-68). Milestones and Wayside Markers in Fife. Proc Soc Antiq Scot, V.100. P. 184.] .The name 'Turnpike' originated from the original 'gate' used being just a simple wooden bar attached at one end to a hinge on the supporting post. The hinge allowed it to 'open' or 'turn' This bar looked like the 'pike' used as a weapon in the army at that time and therefore we get 'turnpike'. The term was also used by the military for barriers set up on roads specifically to prevent the passage of horses. In addition to providing better surfaces and more direct routes, the turnpikes settled the confusion of the different lengths given to milesThomson, John (1828). A Map of the Northern Part of Ayrshire.] , which varied from 4,854 to nearly convert|7000|ft|m. Long miles, short miles, Scotch or Scot's miles (5,928 ft), Irish miles (6,720 ft), etc. all existed. convert|5280|ft|m seems to have been an average! Another important point is that when these new toll roads were constructed the
Turnpike Trusts went to a great deal of trouble to improve the route of the new road and these changes could be quite considerable as the old roads tended to go from farm to farm, hardly the shortest route. The tolls on roads were abolished in 1878 to be replaced by a road 'assessment', which was taken over by the County Council in 1889.Natural History
The woodland policies contain a mixture of mature oak, Norway maple, beech, copper beech, willow, horse chestnut, aspen, rhododendron, Scots pine, alder, ash, elm, monkey puzzle, willow, sycamore, holy, elder, yew, lime, hawthorn, blackthorn and other species. The woodland floor has drifts of snowdrops, bluebells and some primroses, together with ground ivy, bird's-foot trefoil, coltsfoot, three-veined sandwort, vetch, ladys mantle, red campion, bistort, foxgloves, tuberous comfrey, ivy, yellow saxifrage, pendulous sedge, brambles, etc. An area of the woodland is a genuine 'bluebell wood.' The large leaved Persian
Ivy (Hedera colchica)Hessayon, D. G. (1983). The Tree and Shrub Expert. pbi Publications. ISBN 0-903505-17-7. P. 76] grows at the walled garden, a relict of the exotic plantings of yesteryear, as is the very unusual stand of Butcher's Broom. The ground flora of the Thorntoun policies is typical of the semi-natural diversity of many deciduous woodlands in Ayrshire, particularly of those associated with current or previous country estates. The bird fauna is quite diverse, including pigeons, rooks, starlings, blackbirds, kestrels, etc. Hedgehogs are present (2007).The Collieries and Coal Pits
The 1860, 1898 - 1904 and, 1911 and 1912 OS maps all show that the extent to which the Thorntoun House was surrounded by
collieries ,coal pit s and freight only railway or 'tram' lines. Collieries were located near Cauldhame farm (Cauldhame and Springhill (Pit No.4), one at Crosshouse, one at Holme farm and at Bankhead (one called West Thorntoun), Springhill (Pit No.1) and Springhill (Pit No.2) at Sprighill,and another between Busbiehill and Warwickhill. These were all served bystandard gauge mineral railway lines, criss-crossing the countryside; they all now lifted, with only a few embankments left to indicate their original course. The Thorntoun colliery beside Holme farm had a miner's row and a railway which ran over several wooden bridges down to join the surviving railway through Gatehead at Holmley , close to the Laigh Milton viaduct. In 1860 numerous old and current coal pits dotted the area. The bing of Springhill (Pit No.3) still lies close to Springside in the field that may have been the Thorntoun deer park.Miscellaneous and Trivia
StrawhornStrawhorn, John and Boyd, William (1951). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland. Ayrshire. Pub. P. 475] states in 1951 that a fair number of inhabitants are of Cornish extraction, having been brought up here to break a coal workers strike in the 1880s.The road running down to Springside is known as the 'Thorntoun Brae' and on the left, just before Thorntoun bridge over the Garrier Burn was the local curling pond, clearly marked on the 1911 OS mapSpringside's "Auld Lang Syne" (2002). Springside Women's Health Group. P. 2.
A mill-wand was the rounded piece of wood acting as an axle with which several people would role a millstone form the quarry to the mill and to permit this the width of some early roads was set at a 'mill-wand breadth'. The nearest mills to Thorntoun were those at Busbie beside Crosshouse and Laigh Milton mill, where the building, weir and part of the wheel still exist (2007).
Margaret Muir, was the spouse of Frederick Cunninghame, a merchant in
Kilmarnock . She died on 17 March 1685 and could therefore have been a daughter of James Mure and Janet Naper.One of the bells in
St Giles Cathedral inEdinburgh is inscribed "Archibald Mure, Thorntoun, Lord Provost"
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