Wakame

Wakame
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Division:	Heterokontophyta
Class:	Phaeophyceae
Order:	Laminariales
Family:	Alariaceae
Genus:	Undaria
Species:	U. pinnatifida
Binomial name
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873

Wakame (ワカメ, wakame^?), Undaria pinnatifida, or Miyeok (Hangul: 미역) in Korean, is a sea vegetable, or edible seaweed. It has a subtly sweet flavour and is most often served in soups and salads.

Sea-farmers have grown wakame for hundreds of years in Korea and Japan and it has been nominated as among 100 of the world's worst invasive species according to the Global Invasive Species Database.^[1]

History in the West

In 1867 the word "wakame" first appeared in an English-language publication, A Japanese and English Dictionary, by James C. Hepburn.^{[citation needed]}

Starting in the 1960s, the word "wakame" started to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of the macrobiotic movement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.

Health

New studies conducted at Hokkaido University have found that a compound in wakame known as fucoxanthin can help burn fatty tissue.^[2] Studies in mice have shown that fucoxanthin induces expression of the fat-burning protein UCP1 that accumulates in fat tissue around the internal organs. Expression of UCP1 protein was significantly increased in mice fed fucoxanthin. Wakame is also used in topical beauty treatments. See also Fucoidan.

In Oriental medicine it has been used for blood purification, intestinal strength, skin, hair, reproductive organs and menstrual regularity.^[3]

Aquaculture

Japanese Miso soup (with Tofu, Wakame and Scallion).

Miyeok guk, a Korean soup made with mi-yeok

Japanese and Korean sea-farmers have grown wakame for centuries and they still are the main producers and eaters.^{[citation needed]} Since 1983 wakame is also cultivated in France, in sea fields established near the shores of Brittany.^[4]

Wild grown wakame is harvested in Tasmania, Australia, and then sold in restaurants in Sydney.^[5]

Cuisine

A Japanese dish consisting of wakame with sardines

Wakame fronds are green and have a subtly sweet flavour and slippery texture. The leaves should be cut into small pieces as they will expand during cooking.

In Japan and Europe, wakame is distributed either dried or salted, and used in soups (particularly miso soup), and salads (tofu salad), or often simply as a side dish to tofu and a salad vegetable like cucumber. These dishes are typically dressed with soya sauce and vinegar/rice vinegar.

Goma wakame, also known as seaweed salad, is a popular side dish at American sushi restaurants. Literally translated, it means "sesame seaweed", as sesame seeds are usually added to the recipe.^[6]

In Korea, miyeokguk is popularly consumed by women after giving birth as miyeok contains a high content of calcium and iodine, nutrients that are important for nursing new mothers. Many women consume it during the pregnancy phase as well. It is also traditionally eaten on birthdays for this reason, a reminder of the first food that the mother has eaten and passed on to her newborn through her milk, thus bringing good fortune for the rest of the year.

• In China, it is called qúndài cài (裙带菜).^[7] Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.
• In Korea, it is called miyeok (미역)^[7] and used in salads or soup such miyeokguk.
• In French, it is called "fougère des mers".
• In English, it can be called "sea mustard".

Wakame is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. At over 400 mg/100 kcal or almost 1 mg/kJ, it has one of the higher nutrient:calorie ratios for this nutrient, and among the very highest for a vegetarian source.^[8] A typical 1-2 tablespoon serving of wakame contains roughly 3.75-7.5 kcal and provides 15-30 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. Wakame also has high levels of calcium, iodine, thiamine and niacin.

Invasive species

Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, in recent decades it has become established in New Zealand, the United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.^[9] It was nominated one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world.^[1]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, wakame is a very serious weed. It was first discovered in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, via shipping from Asia, in ballast water.

Wakame is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways: naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile organism, and through attachment to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment. It is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader. However, its impacts are not well understood and are likely to vary, depending on the location.

United States

The kelp has been found in several harbors in southern California. In May 2009 it was discovered in San Francisco Bay and aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.^[10][11][12]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Global Invasive Species Database" (in English). IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=100ss&fr=1&str=&lang=EN. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
2. ^ Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K. Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 1;332(2):392-7. PubMed
3. ^ Kristina Turner (1996). The Self-Healing Cookbook: A Macrobiotic Primer for Healing Body, Minds and Moods with Whole Natural Foods. ISBN 0-945668-10-4. 
4. ^ http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1676 Undaria pinnatifida
5. ^ "Greens straight out of the blue". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 11, 2009. http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/wakame/2009/08/11/1249756295784.html. 
6. ^ http://www.azumafoods.com/products/Goma_Wakame_Sesame_18_25.html
7. ^ ^{a b} Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert. eds. Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. pp. 141. ISBN 9780521321150. 
8. ^ "545 foods highest in 20:5 n-3". Nutrition Data. http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-000067000000000000000.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09. 
9. ^ Nutrient uptake rates by the alien alga Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta) (Nuevo Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina) when exposed to diluted sewage effluent, A.I. Torres,M.N. GiL, J.L. Esteves, Hydrobiologia, 520,1-3,June, 2004, 1-6, DOI 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027686.63170.6c
10. ^ Kay, J. Kelp among top 10 invasive seaweeds hits S.F. San Francisco Chronicle July 8, 2009.
11. ^ Perlman, D. Divers battle fast-growing alien kelp in bay San Francisco Chronicle July 9, 2009.
12. ^ "An Underwater Fight Is Waged for the Health of San Francisco Bay" article by Malia Wollan in The New York Times August 1, 2009

External links

• Wakame Seaweed at About.com
• Anti-obesity compound found in brown seaweed
• AlgaeBase link
• Undaria pinnatifida at the FAO
• Undaria pinnatifida at the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, UK
• Global Invasive species database
• Isolation and characterisation of four allenic (6′S)-isomers of Fucoxanthin (by Jarle André Haugan and Synnøve Liaaen-Jensen.Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 1994)
• Undaria Management at the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary