On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration

On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration

On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration (Greek: Περὶ νεότητος καὶ γήρως, καὶ ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου, καὶ ἀναπνοῆς, Latin: De Juventute et Senectute, De Vita et Morte, De Respiratione) is one of the short treatises that make up Aristotle's Parva Naturalia.

Contents

Structure and contents

Place in the Parva Naturalia

In comparison to the first five treatises of the Parva Naturalia, this one and On Length and Shortness of Life, while still dealing with natural phenomena involving the body and the soul, are "definitely biological rather than psychological."[1] They are omitted from the Parva Naturalia commentary of Sophonias.

Title and divisions of the treatise

Modern editions divide the treatise into 27 chapters. The Bekker edition of Aristotle's works distinguished two works, De Senectute et Juventute (chapters 1-6), and De Respiratione (chapters 7-27, for this reason sometimes cited as De Respiratione, chapters 1-21). However, the manuscripts give no basis for this distinction, and the contents are not accurately described by these labels; youth and old age only come into focus as "part of the explanation of life as a whole" in chapter 24. The work may, instead, be considered as a single, unified treatise on life, death, and the functions necessary to life: nutrition and respiration.[2] The title On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration, given in the Medieval manuscripts, derives from the treatise's opening words: "We must now treat of youth and old age and life and death. We must probably also at the same time state the causes of respiration as well, since in some cases living and the reverse depend on this." This statement explains how respiration is part of the more general subject of life and death. While De Vita et Morte might, then, seem to be a more satisfactory title for the work (and Ptolemy Chennus refers to the whole in this way), youth and old age are important aspects of the subject, because Aristotle's conception "is not of a constant, unvarying life" but of a life-cycle of natural development and decay.[2]

The heart as the primary organ of soul

Aristotle begins by raising the question of the seat of life in the body ("while it is clear that [the soul's] essential reality cannot be corporeal, yet manifestly it must exist in some bodily part which must be one of those possessing control over the members") and arrives at the answer that the heart is the primary organ of soul, and the central organ of nutrition and sensation (with which the organs of the five senses communicate).[3] The motivation for this "disappointing feature of Aristotle's physiology" is a matter of conjecture; the importance of the brain had been suggested before Aristotle by Alcmaeon of Croton (on the basis of "the fact...that the end-organs of smell and sight are connected with the brain," with which Aristotle was familiar[4]), and this had been accepted in turn by Diogenes of Apollonia, Democritus, and Plato.[3]

Heart, lungs, and respiration

Aristotle's account of the heart provides one of the clearest indications that he was familiar with the medical theories of some parts of the Hippocratic Corpus. Among other debts, "his comparison of the heart-lung system to a double bellows (ch. 26, 480a20-23) is clearly borrowed from the earlier treatise" On Regimen (De Victu).[3] That is, the heart ("hot substance" in animals) is inside the lungs ("the primary organ of cooling," a function also served by gills); the heart expands under the influence of heat, forcing the lungs to expand under the same influence, causing inhalation, and this introduction of cold air from outside in turn causes contraction and exhalation. In this continuous process, "life and respiration are inseparable."[5]

The life-cycle

Chapter 24 of the treatise gives several definitions that summarize Aristotle's theory.[5]

generation (birth) the initial participation in the nutritive soul, mediated by warm substance (i.e., in animals, the heart, in which the nutritive soul is incorporated)
life the maintenance of this participation
youth the period of the growth of the primary organ of refrigeration (the lungs)
the prime of life the intervening time between the growth and decay of the primary organ of refrigeration
old age the decay of the primary organ of refrigeration
violent death or dissolution the extinction or exhaustion of the vital heat
natural death the exhaustion of the heat owing to lapse of time, and occurring at the end of life
death, in old age the exhaustion due to inability on the part of the organ, owing to old age, to produce refrigeration

Commentaries

References

  • R.A.H. King, Aristotle on Life and Death, London: Duckworth, 2001

Notes

  1. ^ Ross, p. 52
  2. ^ a b King, pp. 38-40
  3. ^ a b c Ross, pp. 55f.
  4. ^ Sense and Sensibilia, 438b25-30, 444a9
  5. ^ a b Ross, pp. 60f.

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Death — For other uses, see Death (disambiguation) and Dead (disambiguation). Dying redirects here. For the process of coloring, see Dyeing. For other uses, see Near death (disambiguation). The human skull, widely considered a symbol of death Death is… …   Wikipedia

  • Corpus Aristotelicum — Part of a series on Aristotelianism …   Wikipedia

  • On Breath — (Ancient Greek: Περὶ πνεύματος, Latin: De spiritu) is a philosophical treatise included in the Corpus Aristotelicum but usually regarded as spurious. Its opening sentence raises the question: What is the mode of growth, and the mode of… …   Wikipedia

  • Ageing — This article is about human ageing. For other uses, see Ageing (disambiguation). A human face showing signs of ageing Ageing (British English) or aging (American English) is the accumulation of changes in a person over time.[1] Ageing in humans… …   Wikipedia

  • Attachment theory — …   Wikipedia

  • Christadelphians — Main article Literature Bible Companion | Elpis Israel | Christendom Astray …   Wikipedia

  • Joseph Priestley — (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th century British theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen,… …   Wikipedia

  • List of Marvel Family enemies — Through his adventures, Fawcett Comics/DC Comics superhero Captain Marvel and his Marvel Family gained a host of enemies, including the following: Contents 1 Acrobat 2 Adolf Hitler 3 Amoeba Family …   Wikipedia

  • Humphry Davy — Sir Humphry Davy, Bt Portrait by Henry Howard, 1803 Born …   Wikipedia

  • List of Biblical names — This is a list of names from the Bible, mainly taken from the 19th century public domain resource: : Hitchcock s New and Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible by Roswell D. Hitchcock, New York: A. J. Johnson, 1874, c1869.Each name is given with its …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”