Covered smut (barley)

Ustilago hordei
Result of covered smut on oat (1) and barley (2), illustration published in M. Cilenšek: Naše škodljive rastline (1892)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Ustilaginomycetes
Order:	Ustilaginales
Genus:	Ustilago
Species:	U. hordei
Binomial name
Ustilago hordei

Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei. The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.^[1][2]

Symptoms

Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading. Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact. Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks.

Disease cycle

Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants. The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.

The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain. Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.

Pathotypes

At least 13 pathotypes are known; virulence is governed by at least three single recessive and independent gene pairs.

Management

Resistant cultivars and seed treatments are used to manage this disease.

Fungicides

Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole.

External links

Extension publications

• EPPO
• Australia
• Canada: Alberta
• US: Oregon

Research articles

Christ, B.J.; C.O. Person (1988). "Relationship between abnormal germination of Ustilago hordei teliospores and reduction in smut". CJPP 10: 105–109. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol10/CJPP10(2)105-109(1988).pdf. 

Nielsen, J. (1993). "Host specificity of Ustilago avenae and U. hordei on eight species of Avena". CJPP 15: 14–16. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol15/CJPP15(1)14-16(1993).pdf. 

Willits, D.A.; J.E. Sherwood (1999). "Polymerase chain reaction detection of Ustilago hordei in leaves of susceptible and resistant barley varieties". Phytopathology 89 (3): 212–217. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.3.212. PMID 18944761. http://www.apsnet.org/phyto/PDFS/1998/1229-02R.PDF. 

References

1. ^ Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 120 pp. 
2. ^ Martens, J.W.; W.L. Seaman, T.G. Atkinson (1984). Diseases of field crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society. pp. 160 pp.