Birkeland-Eyde process

The Birkeland-Eyde process was developed by Norwegian industrialist and scientist Kristian Birkeland along with his business partner Sam Eyde. This process was used to fix atmospheric nitrogen which was in turn used to produce nitric acid, used for production of synthetic fertilizer. A factory based on the process was built in Rjukan and Notodden in Norway, combined with the building of large hydroelectric power facilities. The process is inefficient in terms of energy usage, and is today replaced by the Ostwald process, that produces nitrous acid from ammonia instead of air (usually from the Haber process).

The process

This is a tedious process and the heating is carried out in the form of pulses by passing alternating current through an electric arc and suppressing the magnetic field created by it. Birkeland used a nearby hydroelectric power station for the electricity as this process demanded about 15000 kWh/Ton. The same reaction is carried out by lightning, causing the temperature to rise to about 3000°C in the atmosphere to produce nitric oxide.

:$m\; N\_2\; m\; +\; m\; O\_2\; arr\; 2\; m\; NO$

The obtained nitric oxide is then oxidised to produce nitrogen dioxide.:$2\; m\; NO\; m\; +\; m\; O\_2\; arr\; 2\; m\; NO\_2$

This nitrogen dioxide is then dissolved in water to give rise to nitric acid, which is then purified by fractional distillation. Not much purity is obtained (68%) as nitric oxide and water form an azeotropic mixture:$3\; m\; NO\_2\; m\; +\; m\; H\_2O\; arr\; 2\; m\; HNO\_3\; m\; +\; m\; NO$