Salyut program

Salyut 7, the final Salyut station to be launched, as seen from the departing Soyuz T-13 spacecraft

Salyut Program insignia.

The Salyut program (Russian: Салю́т, IPA: [sɐˈlʲut], Salute or Fireworks) was the first space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of nine space stations launched over a period of eleven years from 1971 to 1982. Intended as a project to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and Earth-resources experiments, the program allowed space station technology to evolve from the engineering development stage to long-term research outposts in space. Ultimately, experience gained from the Salyut stations went on to pave the way for multimodular space stations such as Mir and the International Space Station, with each of those stations possessing a Salyut-derived core module at its heart.

The program consisted of a series of six scientific research stations and three military reconnaissance stations, the latter being launched as part of the highly secretive Almaz program. Salyut broke several spaceflight records, including several mission duration records, the first ever orbital handover of a space station from one crew to another, and various spacewalk records. By the time the program concluded, in 1991, it had seen space station technology evolve from basic, single-docking port stations to complex, multi-ported orbital outposts with impressive scientific capabilities, whose technological legacy continues to the present day.

Stations

A model of a Salyut 7 space station, with a Soyuz spacecraft and a Progress resupply spacecraft docked at each end. The display is in front of one of the pavilions of the Exhibition of Soviet National Economic Achievement

Development of the Soviet/Russian space stations and derivatives. Light gray arrows trace the evolution of space stations and satellites derived from space station hardware. Dark gray arrows trace the influence of concepts on later flown hardware. The stippled arrow leads from the Soyuz Programs chart (figure 1-1). Solid black arrows indicate modules joined to Mir, while dashed black arrows stand for modules to be added to Mir in the near future. These arrows lead from the Station Modules and Tug Programs chart

The program was composed of DOS (Durable Orbital Station) civilian stations and OPS (Orbital Piloted Station) military stations. All were adapted from Vladimir Chelomei's original Almaz OPS spaceframe. For the military Orbital Piloted Stations modifications were small, and related to the rear docking port for Soyuz spacecraft. For the civilian DOS Orbital Space Station changes were great, with extra solar panels, rear and front docking ports for Soyuz spacecraft, TKS spacecraft and modules.

Salyut 1

Main article: Salyut 1

Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Russian: Салют-1; English: Salute 1) was launched April 19, 1971. It was the first space station to orbit Earth. Its first crew launched in Soyuz 10 but were unable to board it due to a failure in the docking mechanism; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 productive days. A pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule opened prematurely when the crew returned to Earth, killing all three. Salyut 1 reentered Earth's atmosphere October 11, 1971.

DOS-2

DOS-2 was launched on July 29, 1972. It was similar in design to Salyut 1. The second stage of its Proton rocket failed, which meant that it never reached orbit. It crashed into the Pacific Ocean.

Salyut 2

Main article: Salyut 2

Salyut 2 (OPS-1) (Russian: Салют-2; English: Salute 2) was launched April 4, 1973. Despite its name, the space station was part of the highly classified prototype military space station program Almaz. It was given the designation Salyut 2 to conceal its true nature. Although it launched successfully, within two days the as-yet-unmanned Salyut 2 began losing pressure and its flight control failed; the cause of the failure was likely due to shrapnel piercing the station when the discarded Proton rocket upper stage that had placed it in orbit later exploded nearby. On April 11, 1973, 11 days after launch, an unexplainable accident caused four solar panels to be torn loose from the space station cutting off all power to the space station. Salyut 2 re-entered on May 28, 1973.

Cosmos 557 / DOS-3

Main article: Cosmos 557

Under the designation DOS-3, this Salyut space station launched on May 11, 1973, three days before the launch of Skylab, as part of the Almaz program. Due to errors in the flight control system while out of the range of ground control, the station fired its orbit-correction engines until it consumed all of its fuel. Since the spacecraft was already in orbit and had been registered by Western radar, the Soviets disguised the launch as "Cosmos 557" and quietly allowed it to re-enter Earth's atmosphere and burn up a week later. It was revealed to have been a Salyut station only much later.

Salyut 3

OPS-2 (Salyut 3)

Main article: Salyut 3

Salyut 3 (OPS-2) (Russian: Салют-3; English: Salute 3) was launched on June 25, 1974. It was another Almaz military space station, this one launched successfully. It tested a wide variety of reconnaissance sensors, returning a canister of film for analysis. On January 24, 1975, after the station had been ordered to deorbit, trials of the on-board 23 mm Nudelman aircraft cannon (other sources say it was a Nudelman NR-30 30 mm gun) were conducted with positive results at ranges from 3000 m to 500 m.^[1] Cosmonauts have confirmed that a target satellite was destroyed in the test. The next day, the station was ordered to deorbit. Only one of the three intended crews successfully boarded and crewed the station, brought by Soyuz 14; Soyuz 15 attempted to bring a second crew but failed to dock. Nevertheless, it was an overall success. The station's orbit decayed, and it re-entered the atmosphere on January 24, 1975.

Salyut 4

DOS-4 (Salyut 4)

Main article: Salyut 4

Salyut 4 (DOS-4) (Russian: Салют-4; English: Salute 4) was launched on December 26, 1974. It was essentially a copy of the DOS-3, and unlike its ill-fated sibling it was a complete success. Two crews made stays aboard Salyut 4 (Soyuz 17 and Soyuz 18), including one of 63 days duration, and an unmanned Soyuz capsule (Soyuz 20) remained docked to the station for three months, proving the systems' long-term durability. Salyut 4 was deorbited February 2, 1977, and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on February 3.

Salyut 5

Main article: Salyut 5

Salyut 5 (OPS-3) (Russian: Салют-5; English translation Salute 5) was launched on June 22, 1976. It was the third and last Almaz military space station. Its launch and subsequent mission were both completed successfully, with three crews launching and two (Soyuz 21 and Soyuz 24) successfully boarding the craft for lengthy stays (the second crew on Soyuz 23 was unable to dock and had to abort). Salyut 5 reentered on August 8, 1977. Following Salyut 5 the Soviet Military decided that the tactical advantages were not worth the expense of the program and withdrew. The focus for the later missions was research and prestige.

Salyut 6

DOS-5 (Salyut 6) space station with two docked spacecraft

Main article: Salyut 6

Salyut 6 (DOS-5) (Russian: Салют-6; English: Salute 6) was launched on September 29, 1977. Although it resembled the previous Salyut stations in overall design, it featured several revolutionary advances including a second docking port where an unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft could dock and refuel the station. From 1977 until 1982 Salyut 6 was visited by five long-duration crews and 11 short-term crews, including cosmonauts from Warsaw Pact countries. Some unconfirmed reports say the station was functionally capable of even more missions and years, but combating the ever-increasing mold in living quarters was becoming impossible, and in practice caused the retirement decision. The very first long-duration crew on Salyut 6 broke a record set on board Skylab, staying 96 days in orbit. The longest flight on board Salyut 6 lasted 185 days. The fourth Salyut 6 expedition deployed a 10-meter radio-telescope antenna delivered by a cargo ship. After Salyut 6 manned operations were discontinued in 1981, a heavy unmanned spacecraft called TKS and developed using hardware left from the canceled Almaz program was docked to the station as a hardware test. Salyut 6 was deorbited July 29, 1982.

Salyut 7

DOS-6 (Salyut 7) space station

Main article: Salyut 7

Salyut 7 (DOS-6) (Russian: Салют-7; English: Salute 7) was launched on April 19, 1982. It was the back-up vehicle for Salyut 6 and very similar in equipment and capabilities, though several more advanced features were included. It was aloft for eight years and ten months, during which time it was visited by 10 crews constituting 6 main expeditions and 4 secondary flights (including French and Indian cosmonauts). Aside from the many experiments and observations made on Salyut 7, the station also tested the docking and use of large modules with an orbiting space station. The modules were called "Heavy Cosmos modules." They helped engineers develop technology necessary to build Mir. Salyut 7 deorbited on February 7, 1991.

DOS-7

DOS-7 (Mir Core Module)

Main article: Mir Core Module

It was planned that two other stations (DOS-7 and DOS-8) would follow. These would be equipped with a total of four docking ports; two at either end of the station and an additional two ports on either side of docking sphere at the front of the station. DOS-7 continued to be developed, becoming the Mir Core Module, featuring upgraded computers and solar arrays, accommodations for two cosmonauts each having their own cabin and six docking ports.

DOS-8

DOS-8 (Zvezda (ISS module) module)

Main article: Zvezda (ISS module)

DOS-8 evolved into the Mir-2 project, intended to replace the Mir space station. Finally, it became the International Space Station Zvezda Service Module.

Data table

Space Station	Launched	Reentered	Days in orbit	Days occupied	Total crew and visitors	Visiting manned spacecraft	Visiting unmanned spacecraft	Mass kg
Salyut 1	April 19, 1971 01:40:00 UTC	October 11, 1971 00:00:00 UTC	175	24	3	2	0	18,500
DOS-2	July 29, 1972	July 29, 1972	0	0	0	0	0	18,000
Salyut 2	April 4, 1973 09:00:00 UTC	May 28, 1973 00:00:00 UTC	54	0	0	0	0	18,500
Kosmos 557	May 11, 1973 00:20:00 UTC	May 22, 1973 00:00:00 UTC	11	0	0	0	0	19,400
Salyut 3	June 25, 1974 22:38:00 UTC	January 24, 1975 00:00:00 UTC	213	15	2	1	0	18,500
Salyut 4	December 26, 1974 04:15:00 UTC	February 3, 1977 00:00:00 UTC	770	92	4	2	1	18,500
Salyut 5	June 22, 1976 18:04:00 UTC	August 8, 1977 00:00:00 UTC	412	67	4	2	0	19,000
Salyut 6	September 29, 1977 06:50:00 UTC	July 29, 1982 00:00:00 UTC	1,764	683	33	16	14	19,824
Salyut 7	April 19, 1982 19:45:00 UTC	February 7, 1991 00:00:00 UTC	3,216	816	26	12	15	18,900

See also

• Almaz
• Mir
• Proton (rocket) launch vehicle
• Skylab
• International Space Station
• Space station for statistics of occupied space stations

References

1. ^ James Olberg, Space Power Theory, Ch. 2

External links

• Soviet Space Stations as Analogs - NASA report (PDF format)
• Mir Hardware Heritage
• Diaries of the Salyut missions